利用光作為激發源或者是以偵測光訊號為基礎的光學技術，不管是在生物顯影、光觸發藥物釋放，或是光熱治療等奈米生醫應用中，都佔有很重要的角色。生物組織對於波段為650-900 nm (近紅外光範圍)的光線有最小的吸收係數，而此波段的光線，不管是作為激發光源，或是放光訊號，皆具有最深的穿透深度，因此也最適於生物醫學之應用，此光波段亦稱為near-infrared (NIR) window。為了能獲得位於生物體內深層組織的資訊，以及配合光熱治療所使用的近紅外光源以達到最佳的光熱轉換效率，發展放光或是吸收位於近紅外光波段的奈米粒子和具有多功能性的奈米結構已成為奈米生醫應用上的一個重要研究領域。
本論文之研究主要著重在近紅外光(near-infrared，NIR)奈米材料之合成及在顯影與藥物釋放上之應用。在第一部分的實驗中，我們研究放射型近紅外光奈米材料的合成，以低溫非注入式合成法製備具有狹窄螢光光譜半高寬，能隙吸收範圍位於600-900 nm之近紅外光硫化鉛量子點，除了使用量子點的光譜性質來觀察奈米粒子的生長過程，也詳細地探討製備中的合成參數對於生成量子點的影響，而利用加入油酸鎘錯合物(Cd-OA complex)至已生成的硫化鉛量子點溶液中，可以進一步地調控量子點的能隙大小及光學性質，得到具有較短能隙吸收波長以及較高放光強度的量子點。在第二和第三部分的實驗中，則是研究吸收型近紅外光奈米材料，包括在顯影與藥物釋放上之應用。我們將雙股去氧核醣核酸(Deoxyribonucleic acid，DNA)修飾金奈米棒作為抗癌藥物小紅莓(Doxorubicin，Dox)載體，利用金奈米棒在近紅外光區的高光熱轉換性質，在條件溫和的連續波二極體近紅外光雷射(CW diode laser，808 nm)照射下，藉由雙股DNA的去雜交(dehybridization)將所嵌合的藥物做有效地釋放，並藉由金奈米棒的散射光在暗場顯微鏡下做藥物載體的觀察。若配合較高強度的雷射，則可同時結合光熱治療與近紅外光觸發的Dox毒性而產生加乘性的毒殺癌細胞效果。Dox-雙股DNA金奈米棒載體可同時提供分子顯影、化療作用、以及光熱毒性等多功能。利用雙股DNA金奈米棒可藉由非共價性結合力搭載不同分子的性質，我們也將雙股DNA修飾金奈米棒的搭載分子換成細胞核染劑，1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundeca-
methylene)-bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)-quinolinium (YOYO)，並檢視YOYO-雙股DNA金奈米棒作為細胞螢光探針之應用潛力，結果顯示藉由結合上雙股DNA金奈米棒，可以使細胞攝入不具有細胞膜通透性的YOYO分子，並且進入細胞核進行細胞內DNA染色。由於各種嵌入分子的特性不同，也使得嵌入分子與雙股DNA金奈米棒所形成的複合物會表現不同的行為。

Optical technique has been playing an important role in nanomedicine, including light-triggered drug release and photothermal therapy. Because biological tissues have the lowest absorption coefficient in the Near-Infrared (NIR) region, NIR light has the deepest penetration length when used as an excitation source or optical signals, and is most suitable for biomedical application. To obtain biological information in deeper tissues and achieve the optimal condition for photothermal therapy, development of NIR nanomaterials which can emit or absorb NIR light has been a crucial field in nanomedicine.
This thesis mainly focuses on the development of NIR nanomaterials, namely NIR-emissive and NIR-absorptive nanomaterials, and their applications in bioimaging and drug release. We developed a noninjection and low temperature approach to synthesize small PbS quantum dots (QDs) with bandgap in wavelength shorter than 900 nm and with narrow bandwidth; the growth temperature can be as low as room temperature. For our noninjection approach, systematic study was performed on synthetic parameters affecting the growth. Bandgap engineering of our as-synthesized PbS nanocrystals was performed straightforwardly at room temperature via the mixing of a solution of Cd oleate in ODE; significant blueshift of bandgap absorption and photoemission with enhanced PL efficiency was accomplished. With respect to the NIR-absorptive nanomaterials, we integrated DNA duplex onto Au NR, due to the non-covalent interaction between the DNA duplex and doxorubicin, the DNA duplex-Au nanorods can serve as drug carriers by intercalating doxorubicin into the DNA duplexes. Taking the advantage of the photothermal conversion of the Au NRs under NIR laser irradiation, the remotely NIR-triggering drug release was demonstrated to turn on fluorescence and toxicity in Dox. Combined photothermal hyperthermia and the near-infrared triggered doxorubicin release killed malignant cells more efficiently. The Dox-DNA duplex-Au NR platform is capable of providing pure chemo-toxicity or combined hyperthermia/chemo-toxicity through appropriately selecting the intensity of the CW diode NIR, and it can also act as a scattering contrast agent. By using the non-covalent interaction between the DNA duplex and another organic molecule, YOYO, we have examined the potential of YOYO-DNA duplex-Au NR as a fluorescent probe in A549 cells, while the YOYO molecule itself is a well-known live cell-impermeable stain. The results show that by using different intercalating molecules, the organic molecule- DNA duplex-Au NR behaves differently.

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