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研究生：	張紋韶 Chang, Wen-Shao
論文名稱：	台灣傳統穿鬬式木接點旋轉行為之研究 On Rotational Performance of Traditional Chuan-Dou Timber Joints in Taiwan
指導教授：	徐明福 Hsu, Min-Fu
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	規劃與設計學院 - 建築學系 Department of Architecture
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	230
中文關鍵詞：	穿鬬式構造、木接點、旋轉勁度
外文關鍵詞：	Chuan-Dou timber structure, timber joints, rotational stiffness
相關次數：	點閱：157 下載：13
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穿鬬式木構架為傳統木結構的主要種類之一，在一九九九年發生的九二一地震中，大量的穿鬬式木構架遭到地震破壞。自此之後，傳統木結構的結構行為越來越受到重視。在眾多影響傳統木結構結構行為的因素中，木接點可說是相當重要的。過去的結構分析實務中，大多將這些木接點假設為鉸接。但是近來結構分析的趨勢，已經逐漸注意的木接點的半剛性行為。本文利用實驗的方法，探討穿鬬式木構架中，柱梁接點受到彎矩作用時之結構行為。
過去田野調查結果顯示，穿鬬式木構架柱梁接點可分為三個種類，分別為連續、斷開對接及燕尾榫搭接。因此如何辨別這三種不同類型的接點便成為第一個問題。本文利用應力波非破壞檢測方法，建立一套判別接點類型的方法。該方法藉由判讀梁構件中的應力波速來區辨梁構件的連續性，並進一步利用振幅傳遞率將斷開對接從另兩種類型的接點中區別出來。這個方法使我們未來可以在現場精準的判斷接點種類。
在可以判斷接點種類後，本文利用72組足尺實驗針對不同種類的穿鬬式柱梁接點進行研究以瞭解其在彎矩作用下的行為。討論的重點包括不同種類接點的破壞模式、初始滑移現象、初始勁度及曲線等。在利用統計分析後，分別提出不同種類接點的初始勁度及曲線預測式。本文更進一步探討不同種類接點在受到彎矩作用時結構行為的差異。經分析發現，如果將相同尺寸及相同材料特性的梁柱接點其梁構件斷開，並做成斷開對接的形式，則初始勁度會下降到約僅原來的15%。因此部分匠師利用燕尾榫搭接來解決這樣的問題，研究結果顯示這樣的作法僅在梁寬度較小（約12公分）的木接點有顯著的效果（約可提高初始勁度達三倍）。對於梁寬度達到甚至超過18公分的木接點來說，不但不太有幫助，甚至還會造成旋轉勁度的下降。
由於台灣濕且熱的氣候，使得白蟻攻擊成為傳統木結構主要的生物破壞原因之一。因此本文另外探討因為白蟻攻擊對於木接點結構行為所造成的影響。本文在這部分共製作五組足尺試體並在其上模擬不同程度的白蟻攻擊，藉以建立斷面損失與殘餘初始旋轉勁度的關係式。研究顯示，木接點中梁構件對於白蟻攻擊相當的敏感，亦即雖僅受到小程度的白蟻攻擊並造成些微斷面損失，便會引發相當嚴重的旋轉勁度衰減。因此未來在評估木接點結構行為時，應將白蟻所造成的影響一併納入考慮。
本文最後提出一套評估穿鬬式梁柱木接點結構行為的方法，除了可用在地震前的安全評估以外，亦可作為修復中新制接點結構行為的評估依據。

Chuan-Dou timber structures can be frequently found in historic buildings in Taiwan. Unfortunately, many Chuan-Dou timber structures were destroyed during the Chi-Chi earthquake of 1999. Since then, the seismic behavior of these traditional timber structures has attracted much attention. Joints are one of the most important factors that affect the global structural behavior of timber structures due to its semi-rigidity. The structural behavior of timber joints have been touched from time to time, but not further studied. This dissertation attempts to explore the rotational performance of these timber joints of Chuan-Dou timber frames.
The field survey indicated that the traditional timber joints involve three various types, including continuous, flat cut and dovetail connected joints. Methodology to clarify the joint type nondestructively was firstly proposed in this dissertation. The method takes stress wave velocity and amplitude transmission ratio into account to classify the joint type without dismantling. A total of 72 specimens were tested to study the various types of timber joints. The mechanical failures, bending-slip characteristics, initial rotational stiffness and the relations of timber joints were discussed. Models to predict the initial rotational stiffness and curves of each type joints were proposed. Once we can classify the joint type by using the nondestructive method proposed previously, we can estimate the initial rotational stiffness and curve of a timber joint. Comparisons were made to discuss the effect of discontinuing the beams and effect of dovetail connection. It can be found that discontinuing the beam will significantly degrade the rotational performance of a timber joint. Although connecting the individual beams by using dovetail mechanism can help to improve the structural behaviors of timber joints, it is only suitable in the case that column widths of joints are less than 18cm. Termite attack is the major bio-degradation to timber structures in Taiwan, due to humid and hot environment. A model to consider the performance degradation of timber joints induced by termite was proposed by experiments on specimens with simulation of the termite attack. The results show that the beams of timber joints are sensitive to termite attack.
The results of this dissertation can not only being applied in evaluation of rotational performance of existing timber joints, but also help to estimating the structural behavior of newly designed timber joints.

Abstract                                                            VI
摘要	                                                         VIII
List of Figures                                                       X
List of Tables                                                       XV
List of Notations                                                    XVI
Acknowledgement                                                 XVIII


Chapter 1 Background
1	Introduction                                                 1-1
2	Seismic Failures of Traditional Chuan-Dou Timber Structures         1-3
3	Preliminary Field Survey                                      1-9
3.1	Joint Types                                             1-9
3.2	Dimensions of Timber Joints                              1-12
3.3	Constructional Materials                                 1-13
3.4	Conclusions of Field Survey                              1-13
4	Open Questions to the Chuan-Dou Timber Joints                  1-16
5	Concepts and Methodologies to Solve the Questions                1-16
6	Scope and Outline of Dissertation                              1-18


Chapter 2 Literature Review
1 Research on Timber Joints                                     2-1
1.1 Analyses of Timber Structures                              2-1
1.2 The Traditional Moment Resisting Timber Joints               2-6
1.3 Traditional Moment Resisting Timber Joints in Japan and Taiwan  2-9
2 Semi-Rigid Joints Models                                     2-15
2.1 Linear Type Models                                     2-15
2.2 Polynomial Model                                      2-16
2.3 B-Spline Model                                        2-17
2.4 Power Models                                         2-17
2.5 Exponential Models                                     2-18
2.6 Logarithm Model                                       2-19
3 Nondestructive Testing on Wood                               2-20
3.1 Mechanical Evaluation of Wooden Components               2-20
3.2 Inspecting the Internal Condition of Wood                   2-21
4 Concluding comments                                        2-27


Chapter 3 Examination of Joints Types by Nondestructive Method
1 Research Methodology                                        3-1
1.1 Fundamental Hypotheses                                  3-1
1.2 Experimental Setup                                      3-2
1.3 Energy Transmission and Stress Wave Velocity                3-3
1.4 Experimental Program                                    3-4
1.5 Analyses Technology                                     3-7
2 Results and Discussion                                        3-8
2.1 Stress Wave Velocity versus Joint Types                      3-8
2.2 Amplitude Transmission Ratios versus Joint Types             3-13
2.3 Effect of Normal Stress in Column                         3-16
3 Verification of Results                                        3-17
3.1 Specimens Verification                                   3-19
3.2 Existing Samples Verification                             3-19
4 Summary                                                  3-19


Chapter 4 Mechanical Experiments of Timber Joints
1 Research Objectives and Overview                              4-1
2 Timber Joint Experiments                                      4-1
2.1 Timber Joint Fabrication and Planning                       4-2
2.2 Experimental Installation and Procedures                     4-3
3 Continuous Type Joints                                       4-10
3.1 Mechanical Failures                                     4-10
3.2 Theory                                               4-13
3.3 Bending-Slip Characteristics                              4-18
3.4 Prediction of Initial Rotational Stiffness                     4-21
3.5 Models for Semi-Rigid Behavior                           4-27
4 Flat Cut Type Joints                                         4-36
4.1 Mechanical Failures                                     4-36
4.2 Bending-Slip Characteristics                              4-39
4.3 Prediction of Initial Rotational Stiffness                     4-40
4.4 Models for Semi-Rigid Behavior                           4-42
5 Dovetail Connected Type Joints                                4-49
5.1 Mechanical Failures                                     4-49
5.2 Bending-Slip Characteristics                              4-54
5.3 Prediction of Initial Rotational Stiffness                     4-56
5.4 Models for Semi-Rigid Behavior                           4-60
6 Comparison of Rotational Behavior of Three Different Types of Joints 4-64
6.1 The Initial Rotational Stiffness                            4-64
6.2 The   Curves                                     4-67
7 Summary                                                  4-68


Chapter 5 Preliminary Proposal For Considering The Performance Degradations of Timber Joints
1 Bio-Degradation of Timber structures in Taiwan                    5-1
2 Simulation and Experiments of Termite Attack                     5-4
3 Results and Discussion                                        5-6
3.1 Mechanical Failures                                      5-6
3.2 Rotational Stiffness                                      5-7
3.3   Relation                                        5-8
4 Summary and Future Works                                   5-12


Chapter 6 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations
1 Overall Conclusions                                          6-1
2 Recommendations                                            6-2

References

Appendix A Comparison of   Curves of Continuous Type Joints Obtained from Theoretical Model and Experiments
Appendix B Comparison of   Curves of Continuous Type Joints Obtained from Experiments and Prediction Using Shi’s Model
Appendix C Comparison of   Curves of Flat Cut Type Joints Obtained from Experiments and Prediction Using Shi’s Model
Appendix D Comparison of   Curves of Dovetail Connected Type Joints Obtained from Experiments and Prediction Using Shi’s Model

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