台南科學園區的考古發掘工作堪稱台灣考古學史上歷時最久、規模最大的區域性考古，其所累積的材料不僅具有長達5000多年的歷時性，更出土高達2000多具的墓葬，然而這些豐碩的考古成果所具備的潛力至今仍未被妥善發揮，議題式的討論──尤其是南科地區在5000多年中所經歷的十多次文化變遷──相形稀少，現有的論述亦停留在人群的移動或文化傳播的非此即彼的思路，然而14C定年數據顯示不同考古學文化的遺址曾經共存過，這使我們必須思考南科地區社會文化變遷的原因與機制是否存在其他可能性。本研究從社會演化與平等社會的相關理論出發，提出一套平等社會的競爭演化模型，並透過5處遺址共755具墓葬的埋葬行為統計分析，尋找南科地區新石器晚期（烏山頭期）至金屬器早期（鞍子期）可能存在競爭的跡象。
　　研究結果顯示，烏山頭期與鞍子期社會並不存在文化團體之間的競爭，而文化團體內部的競爭跡象也不明顯。此外，性別與年齡這兩個社會範疇在烏山頭期與鞍子期社會的影響力與重要性並不相同，烏山頭期社會存在許多與年齡相關（成年與否）的埋葬行為，鞍子期社會則是在墓葬中更加強調性別的重要性，相較於年齡「自然」形成的地位階序性，以性別為基礎的社會差異與分化（differentiation）則需要有意識地打造一套基於生物性差異的新性別敘事，當性別從流動的、情境脈絡式的多義性與多變性固定化成一種社會角色與個人認同時，就可以有效控制政治競爭者的人數與成本。

The excavations in Tainan Science Park (TSP) could be regarded as the longest and largest regional archaeological project in the history of Taiwan archaeology. The mate-rials witnessed the 4500-year long human activities, and more than 2000 burials had been discovered. However, the potential of these fruitful materials had not been properly utilized to date. Issues regarding the multiple cultural changes during these 4,500 years were less explored, and the existing theories were still either migration or cultural dif-fusion. Data of 14C dating suggested that sites of different archaeological cultures had been co-residing in TSP area for a certain amount of time. Hence, there must be other causes and mechanisms accounting for the social and cultural changes in TSP area. In this thesis, I proposed a model of competitive egalitarianism based on the social evolu-tionism and egalitarianism. By examining 755 burials from 5 sites, the purpose of this research was to find the traces of competitions during the transition from late Neolithic (WST period) to early Metal Age (AZ period).
The results suggested that there were little signs of inter- and intra-group competi-tion. However, the results did reveal that the influence and importance of two social categories, gender and age, were quite different in WST and AZ period. There were many age-related mortuary practices (concerning adulthood) in WST period, while more emphasis on gender in AZ period. Compared to the natural ranking order of age, the social difference and differentiation based on gender would require a biology-based gender narrative created intentionally. As the originally contextual and fluid gender concept was transformed into a standard as well as ideal gender image and attached to, gender became part of social persona and self-identification and can be used as a strategy for controlling the numbers of competitors and enhancing the cost of political competition.
Key Words: burial, mortuary practice, social evolution, egalitarianism, competition

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