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研究生: 曾漢洲
Tseng, Han-Chou
論文名稱: 使用高解析度空間資訊因應氣候變遷之高山地區永續旅遊規劃-以阿里山為例
Incoorperated to the Climate Change with high Resolution Geoinformation for Sustainable Tourism Management at high Mountain Resorts-case Study of Alishan, Taiwan
指導教授: 陳昭旭
Chen, Chao-Shi
共同指導教授: 余騰鐸
Yu, Ting-To
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 工學院 - 資源工程學系
Department of Resources Engineering
論文出版年: 2010
畢業學年度: 99
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 186
中文關鍵詞: 高解析度空間資訊遊憩資源數位化模擬計算地理資訊系統永續與綠色旅遊氣候變遷
外文關鍵詞: high resolution, geo spatial data, GIS, recreation resources, SIMPROCESS, Green and Sustainable Tourism, climate change
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  • 台灣地區地形起伏大,地面高程從海平面亞熱帶延伸到近四千公尺溫帶山區。除了氣候與地面天然覆蓋物隨著地形起伏而改變外,生態與對應的資源承載量亦會是時間與空間的函數。台灣設立的國家公園與風景區在開發規劃時,對於建設的基本空間資料需求,一直是從現狀的角度。缺少在開發遊憩資源後對於環境生態承載量的改變分析,特別在不同遊憩行為或是旅次與交通工具等所造成的差異評估。在永續環境的考量與綠色旅遊的概念下,本文以台灣地區現有高解析空間資訊,應用在阿里山國家風景區內,以多目標遊憩行為規劃為主軸,評估不同需求之對應生態承載量改變。高解析度資料意味著單位面積中,可用的資訊量提高;同時對於中低解析度資料無法辨識的物件,也成為可能。除了提高成圖的比例尺之外,應用在於地理資訊系統或是數位化模擬計算時,因為使用資料貼近於實況,在計算的環境參數或是分析評估的差異都有一個級數以上的精度提昇。本文,對於使用此類資料的工具與分析流程和需求,列出討論。高海拔遊憩區域容易受到天然災害的影響降低可達性甚至影響遊客的人身安全,氣候變遷影響之下對於高海拔遊憩區域的規劃必須將此因子納入;同時在發展遊憩產業時針對高山地區的珍貴天然環境與資源必須以永續經營採用綠色旅遊的手段來完成,本研究以SIMPROCESS將遊憩流程進行動態化數值模擬,將所有遊憩與環境影響因子量化後賦予適當的權重進行分析,計算最少環境影響與最大觀光收益期望值的交會點,作為因應氣候變遷之下的台灣高海拔遊憩區域遊憩活動規劃架構的依據。在考量環境永續且顧及氣候變遷因素之下阿里山的服務遊憩人數應該給予限制;現在以台18線公路為主的燃油式交通運輸方式必須更改來降低溫室氣體排放。延長遊客在阿里山的停留時間,以相同的碳排放量換取較高觀光產值,團隊式的大陸遊客以集中區域特色旅遊搭配農特產品販售;而自由行遊客以生態,步道,慢遊的方式延長期停留時間,分散不同旅遊目的的國際遊客。新建阿里山遊憩區渡假型酒店,減少交通量先在短期內降低區域內二氧化碳排放目,再搭配以纜車等交通運輸工具取代汽車來達到永續旅遊目標。

    The terrain relief of Taiwan is changing dramatically which causes the weather condition shifted from sub-tropical in the ocean side to temperate climate in the mountain with 4000 meters high. Not only the climates but also the natural coverage of ground surface varies associated with the terrain, and so is the ecological capacity both in spatial and temporal domain. The fundamental geospatial raw data was based upon land survey information only, when the establishment of national recreation parks. It is not consider into the future ecological impact and also the environmental capacity in planning stage. This cause the problem of not knowing the exact maximum loading for certain activities at particular region. For the sake of eternity environmental consideration and also the green tourism, it is the goal for this work to demonstrate the possible usage in using high resolution geoinformation to assess the relative environmental capacity. The high resolution data means more data and available information within unit area; while those features cannot be detected by the tradional method with normal resolution. With high resolution data, scale of the map and simulation functions within GIS could match to reality by the highest level of accuracy. Climate change associated with sever nature hazard at high mountain recreation resorts shall affecting the destination chosen of tourist and also endogenous to the travelers. It is an unavoilable factor for planning the tourism infrastructures of high mountain resorts in Taiwan under such treat, the global climate change. In order to fulfill the task of sustainable natural resource management and also the needs for local tourism industries, high resolution geo-information and predicted nature hazard potential is listed for numerical simulation by SIMPROCESS. The crossing point of maximum tourism benefit to the least environmental impact shall serves as the fundamental figures of the regional tourism infrastructure planning. The total tourist service amount of Alishan should be limited, the fuel comspution vechiel for carring passenger to the region have to change. Extend the stay period of tourist by building more comfortable accomadation facilities should be a short term goal to reduce the impact of green house gas. By guiding the tour groups and other types of tourist to the different destination with various tourism design and hardware configurations to reduce the possibility of overloading at certain sencnic spots. New types of transportation system, such as gondola, should be adopted to reduce the amount of highly polluted vechiles that travels into the high mountain resorts.

    摘 要 I 致 謝 V 目 錄 VI 圖目錄 X 表目錄 XIII 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機與背景 3 1.2 研究目的 4 1.3 研究內容與流程 5 第二章 相關理論與文獻回顧 8 2.1 空間數據不確定性 8 2.2 環境資源評估相關研究 11 2.3 LIDAR使用於環境資源測繪與調查 11 2.4 環境資源主題圖 12 2.5 資料誤差分析 16 2.6 旅遊容量的衡量 20 2.7 SIMPROCESS模擬軟體 25 2.7.1 SIMPROCESS基本介紹 25 2.7.2 SIMPROCESS 作業基礎成本制之介紹 29 第三章 資料處理 33 3.1衛星影像前處理及LIDAR資料前處理 34 3.1.1 衛星影像正射化處理 35 3.1.2 LiDAR資料處理 35 3.2 植生區域影像萃取分類 42 3.2.1 影像分割(Image segmentation) 43 3.2.2 知識庫區塊分類 47 3.3樹植生區之穿透率運算 52 3.3.1 樹植生區套繪方式分析 52 3.3.2 樹植生區地面點分類分析 53 3.3.3 樹植生區穿透率分析 53 3.4 常態化差異植生指標(NDVI) 55 3.5 植被淨第一生產力(NPP)估算 56 3.5.1 遙測影像應用於NPP之模型建立 58 3.5.2 光能利用率模型參數演算與求取 60 3.5.3 遙測影像結合光達資料之NPP估算 63 第四章 高解析空間資料之應用與分析 64 4.1案例一 -莫拉克風災前西拉雅國家風景區 64 4.1.1 航照影像正射化處理成果 66 4.1.2 LiDAR資料處理成果 67 4.1.3 植生區域影像萃取分類成果 68 4.1.3.1 分類成果分析 69 4.1.4 樹植生區之穿透率運算成果 71 4.1.5 植被第一性生產力(NPP)估算成果 72 4.1.5.1 以福衛二號為基礎之NPP估算成果 72 4.1.5.2 以融合光達資料與航照影像為基礎之NPP估算成果 74 4.2 研究結果初估 75 4.2.1 中低海拔研究區之二氧化碳吸收量 75 4.2.2 研究區之NPP值估算統整成果 75 4.3 案例二-阿里山莫拉克災後 78 4.3.1 阿里山地區莫拉克風災山崩量化分析 78 4.4 阿里山公路溫室氣體排放與吸收分析 86 第五章 阿里山地區災後遊憩活動中長期規劃 88 5.1 遊憩承載量計算 88 5.1.1承載量推估的意義 88 5.1.2依循承載量進行經營管理 89 5.1.3承載量文獻探討 89 5.1.4 各種承載量之測量方法 90 5.2本研究之承載量推估 91 5.3 阿里山地區因應氣候變遷之遊憩規劃架構 92 5.4 SIMPROCESS 參數設定與模擬分析 95 第六章 結論與討論 100 6.1 結論 100 6.2 討論 102 參考文獻 104 A.1 遙測影像碳儲存量推估 A1 A.2光達資料及航照影像於植被之應用 A4 B.1 公路環境影響之研究 B1 B.2 移動源空氣污染排放特性 B3 B.3 國內外對機動車CO2排放量估算之方法 B4 B.4 台灣溫室氣體排放推估方法之比較 B11 C.1 機動車氣體排放量估算方法 C1 C.2 排放量計算方法 C2 D.1實質承載量 D1 D.2服務承載量 D4 D.3 設施承載量 D7 D.4經營管理承載量建議 D8 D.5阿里山國家風景區旅遊特性 D10 D.6 阿里山遊客量預測及旅遊市場需求分析 D13 D.6.1 遊客量預測分析 D13 D.6.1.1 阿里山國家風景區遊客量趨勢 D13 D.6.1.2 旅遊市場需求分析 D21 自 述 E1

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