Work and Life are two major concerns of employees. Employees with appropriate work-and-life balance may enjoy a higher level of either job satisfaction or life satisfaction, or both. Known as a new and substantial generation in workforce, Millennials frequently evaluate priorities in their lives, and they prefer the jobs that allow them to attain a work-life balance (Council, 2005). This study aims at investigating the gender difference levels in work-life balance, job satisfaction and life satisfaction among millennial employees in Vietnam along with the relationships between work-life balance and
satisfaction extent. The findings showed that among Vietnamese millennial employees, women tend to have higher life satisfaction men and men have more personal life interfere with work than men. Additionally, the present study also suggested that mutual interferences of 1) work and 2) personal life inversely relate to the satisfaction level in people’s life but do not relate to satisfaction level in people’s job; while the enhancement of work and life have a positive relationship with both job satisfaction and life satisfaction.

A. Grandey, A., et al. (2005). A longitudinal and multi-source test of the work–family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(3), 305-323. doi: 10.1348/096317905x26769
Abdallah, A. B., et al. (2017). An integrated model of job involvement, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a structural analysis in Jordan’s banking sector. Communications and Network, 9(1), 28-53.
Agha, K., et al. (2017). Work-Life Balance and Job Satisfaction: An Empirical study Focusing on Higher Education Teachers in Oman. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 7(3), 164.
Aguilar, F., et al. (2010). Gender differences in determinants of job satisfaction among cooperative extension workers in the United States. Applied Economics Letters, 17(2), 175-179.
Aletraris, L. (2010). How satisfied are they and why? A study of job satisfaction, job rewards, gender and temporary agency workers in Australia. Human Relations, 63(8), 1129-1155.
Allen, T. D., et al. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review and agenda for future research. Journal of occupational health psychology, 5(2), 278.
Amstad, F. T., et al. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of occupational health psychology, 16(2), 151.
Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice: Kogan Page Publishers.
Aryee, S., et al. (1999). Role stressors, interrole conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 259-278.
Aryee, S., et al. (2005). Rhythms of life: antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of applied psychology, 90(1), 132.
Aydin, et al. (2016). The Impact of Career Success on Work-life Balance for Millennium Generation (Vol. 3).
Balmforth, K., et al. (2006). Conflict and facilitation between work and family: realizing the outcomes for organizations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2).
Baltes, B. B., et al. (2010). 16 Work-Life Balance: The Roles of Work-Family Conflict and Work-Family Facilitation.
Barnett, R. C., et al. (1985). Women's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(1), 135.
Bönte, W., et al. (2014). You can’t always get what you want: Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction of University Graduates. Applied Economics, 46(21), 2477-2487.
Bopp, T., et al. (2015). Job and Life Satisfaction: The Perspective of Collegiate Head Coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10(6), 1025-1037. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.10.6.1025
Brayfield, A. H., et al. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of applied psychology, 35(5), 307.
Buddeberg-Fischer, B., et al. (2010). The impact of gender and parenthood on physicians' careers-professional and personal situation seven years after graduation. BMC health services research, 10(1), 40.
Buitendach, J. H., et al. (2009). The validation of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire in selected organisations in South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(1), 1-8.
Burton, D. (2018). Happy Employees Are Good For Business, Talent Management & HR. Retrieved from https://www.tlnt.com/happy-employees-are-good-for-business/
Choi, et al. (2012). Work‐family conflict, work‐family facilitation, and job outcomes in the Korean hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(7), 1011-1028. doi: doi:10.1108/09596111211258892
Cinamon, R. G., et al. (2002). Gender Differences in the Importance of Work and Family Roles: Implications for Work–Family Conflict. Sex Roles, 47(11), 531-541. doi: 10.1023/a:1022021804846
Çivitci, N., et al. (2009). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 954-958. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.022
Comparably. ( 2017). Study: What Millennials Want.
Cortese, C. G., et al. (2010). Determinants of nurses’ job satisfaction: the role of work–family conflict, job demand, emotional charge and social support. Journal of nursing management, 18(1), 35-43.
Council, C. L. (2005). HR considerations for engaging Generation Y employees. Washington, DC: Corporate Executive Board.
Cranny, C., et al. (1992). Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs.
Davar, S., et al. (2012). Relationship between job satisfaction & job performance: A meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 290-305.
Della Giusta, M., et al. (2011). Gender and life satisfaction in the UK. Feminist Economics, 17(3), 1-34.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E., et al. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Ding, L., et al. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119-143.
Doble, N., & Supriya, M. V. (2010). Gender Differences in the Perception of Work-Life Balance. Managing Global Transitions: International Research Journal, 8(4).
Doherty, L. (2004). Work-life balance initiatives: implications for women. Employee relations, 26(4), 433-452.
Drew, E., et al. (2005). Work/life balance: senior management champions or laggards? Women in Management Review, 20(4), 262-278.
Eagle, B. W., et al. (1997). Interrole conflicts and the permeability of work and family domains: Are there gender differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 168-184.
Edmans, A. (2012). The link between job satisfaction and firm value, with implications for corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 1-19.
Erdogan, B., et al. (2012). Whistle While You Work:A Review of the Life Satisfaction Literature. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038-1083. doi: 10.1177/0149206311429379
Evans, A. M., et al. (2013). Work–life balance for men: Counseling implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(4), 436-441.
Fiorille, F. (2017). Millennial Employees: How Much They Make, Where They Work, What They Do and What That Means for Your Business. Retrieved June 2018, from Entrepreneur Media, Inc https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/304504
Fisher, et al. (2002). Work/personal life balance: A construct development study. (63), ProQuest Information & Learning, US.
Fisher, G. G., et al. (2009). Beyond work and family: A measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 441.
Fukase, E. (2014). Foreign Wage Premium, Gender and Education: Insights from Vietnam Household Surveys. The World Economy, 37(6), 834-855. doi: 10.1111/twec.12103
General-Statistic-Office-of-VietNam. (2017). Báo cáo Điều tra Lao động Việc Làm Quý 4 năm 2017. [Report of Investigating Labor Force
]. Quater 4 of 2017, 8.
Goode, W. J. (1960). A Theory of Role Strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483-496. doi: 10.2307/2092933
Graves, L. M., et al. (2007). Commitment to family roles: Effects on managers' attitudes and performance. Journal of applied psychology, 92(1), 44.
Greenhaus, et al. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life. Journal of vocational behavior, 63(3), 510-531.
Greenhaus, et al. (2011). Work-Family Balance: A Review and Extension of the Literature (pp. 265-183).
Greenhaus, J. H., et al. (2006). When Work And Family Are Allies: A Theory Of Work-Family Enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72-92. doi: 10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
Gruneberg, M. M. (1979). Understanding job satisfaction: Macmillan London.
Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279.
Gutek, B. A., et al. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of applied psychology, 76(4), 560.
Hair, J. F., et al. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance.
Hair Jr, J. F., et al. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): Sage Publications.
Hayman, J. (2005). Psychometric assessment of an instrument designed to measure work life balance. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 13(1), 85-91.
Headey, B., et al. (2005). Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Theories of Subjective Well-Being. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Citation Classics from Social Indicators Research: The Most Cited Articles Edited and Introduced by Alex C. Michalos (pp. 401-420). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Higgins, C., et al. (1994). Impact of life-cycle stage and gender on the ability to balance work and family responsibilities. Family Relations, 144-150.
Hill, E. J., et al. (2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family relations, 50(1), 49-58.
Hoang, T. H. L. (2009). Work-life balance–the challenge of female entrepreneurs in Vietnam.
Huang, Q., et al. (2015). Social expectations, gender and job satisfaction: Front‐line employees in C hina's retail sector. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(3), 331-347.
Inamdar, M. S., et al. (2017). Impact of Work Life Balance on the Career Advancement of the Gen Y Women Professionals in Indian IT Industry: A Review Study.
Judge, T. A., et al. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of applied psychology, 90(2), 257.
Kara, D., et al. (2012). Gender differences on job satisfaction of the five-star hotel employees: the case of the Turkish hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(7), 1047-1065.
Kicheva, T. (2017). Management of Employees from Different Generations-Challenge for Bulgarian Managers and HR Professionals. Journal Economic Alternatives, UNWE Publishing Complex(1), 103-121.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling: na.
Kong, H., et al. (2015). Meeting career expectation: can it enhance job satisfaction of Generation Y? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 147-168.
Kossek, E., et al. (2013). The Sustainable Workforce: Organizational Strategies for Promoting Work-Life Balance and Well-Being (pp. 295-317).
Kuper, S. (2018, FEBRUARY 15, 2018). Why the 30-hour work week is almost here. FT Magazine.
Lam, T., et al. (2003). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Hong Kong fast food industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(4), 214-220.
Lam, T., et al. (2001). An investigation of employees’ job satisfaction: the case of hotels in Hong Kong. Tourism management, 22(2), 157-165.
Leibow, C. (2014). Work/life Balance For the Generations. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/cathy-leibow/worklife-balance-for-the-_1_b_5992766.html
Lennon, M. C., et al. (1992). Women and mental health: The interaction of job and family conditions. Journal of health and social behavior, 316-327.
Lewis, S., et al. (1999). The work–family research agenda in changing contexts. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 382-393. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.4.4.382
Lingard, H., et al. (2005). Does work–family conflict mediate the relationship between job schedule demands and burnout in male construction professionals and managers? Construction Management and Economics, 23(7), 733-745.
Linh, N. T. T., et al. (2016). Work-family conflict and employee job satisfaction: A comparison of state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 6(4), 63.
Linley, P. A., et al. (2010). Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work: Oxford University Press, USA.
Linz, S., et al. (2013). Job satisfaction, expectations, and gender: Beyond the European Union. International Journal of Manpower, 34(6), 584-615.
Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational behavior and human performance, 4(4), 309-336.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology.
Loscocco, K. A. (1997). Work–family linkages among self-employed women and men. Journal of Vocational behavior, 50(2), 204-226.
Loughlin, C., et al. (2001). Young workers' work values, attitudes, and behaviours. Journal of occupational and organizational Psychology, 74(4), 543-558.
Lunau, T., et al. (2014). A balancing act? Work–life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(3), 422-427.
Ma, L., et al. (2012). An empirical study on the effect of work/life commitment to work-life conflict. Physics Procedia, 24, 1343-1349.
Maertz, C. P., et al. (2011). Work-Family Conflict, Enrichment, and Balance under “Levels” and “Episodes” Approaches. Journal of Management, 37(1), 68-98. doi: 10.1177/0149206310382455
Magnini, V. P., et al. (2011). The cascading affective consequences of exercise among hotel workers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(5), 624-643.
Magnusson Hanson, L. L., et al. (2014). Work–home interference and its prospective relation to major depression and treatment with antidepressants. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health(1), 66-73. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3378
MaiDan. (2018). Labor exports hit record numbers in 2017. Online Financial Time of Viet Nam.
Marchand, A., et al. (2016). Gendered depression: Vulnerability or exposure to work and family stressors? Social Science & Medicine, 166, 160-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.021
Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple Roles and Role Strain: Some Notes on Human Energy, Time and Commitment. American Sociological Review, 42(6), 921-936. doi: 10.2307/2094577
McCrum-Gardner, E. (2008). Which is the correct statistical test to use? British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 46(1), 38-41.
McDonald, K. S., et al. (2008). The next generation of career success: Implications for HRD. Advances in developing human resources, 10(1), 86-103.
McMillan, H. S., et al. (2011). Constructs of the work/life interface: A synthesis of the literature and introduction of the concept of work/life harmony. Human Resource Development Review, 10(1), 6-25.
McNabb, N. S. (2009). The daily floggings will continue until morale improves: An examination of the relationships among organizational justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to turnover: The University of Oklahoma.
Mendoza, M. L., et al. (2014). Meta-analytic of the relationship between employee job satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Suma de Negocios, 5(11), 4-9.
Michel, J. S., et al. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689-725. doi: 10.1002/job.695
Mihelič, K. K., et al. (2017). “Dear Employer, Let Me Introduce Myself”–Flow, Satisfaction with Work–Life Balance and Millennials’ Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 29(4), 397-408.
Milkie, M. A., et al. (1999). Playing all the roles: Gender and the work-family balancing act. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 476-490.
Moksnes, U. K., et al. (2013). Self-esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents—gender and age as potential moderators. Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2921-2928. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0427-4
Nelson, B. (2007). Tips and techniques to bridge the generation gaps. Health Care Registration: The Newsletter for Health Care Registration Professionals, 16(4), 3-5.
Nguyen, L. D. (2012). Organizational Characteristics and Employee Overall Satisfaction: A Comparison of State-Owned and Non State- Owned Enterprises in Vietnam.
Niharika, D., et al. (2010). Gender Differences in the Perception of Work-Life Balance (Vol. 5).
Nohe, C., et al. (2014). Work–family conflict, social support, and turnover intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.007
Norton, M. E., et al. (2012). Non-Invasive Chromosomal Evaluation (NICE) Study: results of a multicenter prospective cohort study for detection of fetal trisomy 21 and trisomy 18. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 207(2), 137. e131-137. e138.
Oshio, T. (2012). Gender Differences in the Associations of Life Satisfaction with Family and Social Relations Among the Japanese Elderly. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27(3), 259-274. doi: 10.1007/s10823-012-9169-y
Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 77(6), 963.
Ötken, A. B., et al. (2013). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK-LIFE BALANCE AND HAPPINESS FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF GENERATION X AND Y.
Panatik, S. A. B., et al. (2011). The impact of work family conflict on psychological well-being among school teachers in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1500-1507.
Pavot, W., et al. (2009). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (pp. 101-117). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Perrone, K. M., et al. (2006). Work-family interface: Commitment, conflict, coping, and satisfaction. Journal of Career Development, 32(3), 286-300.
Pham, M. Q. (2016). Job Satisfaction and Its Relationships with Age, Gender and Educational Background in a Vietnamese Context: A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Studies (Management) at Massey University, Manawatu New Zealand. Massey University.
Phuong, T. P. (2008). Balancing work and family roles: perspectives of Vietnamese professional women. University of South Australia.
Prasoon, R., & Chaturvedi, K. R. (2016). Life satisfaction: a literature review. The Researcher-International Journal of Management Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 25-32.
Proctor, C. L., et al. (2009). Youth Life Satisfaction: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(5), 583-630. doi: 10.1007/s10902-008-9110-9
Rajadhyaksha, U., et al. (2009). Gender, gender role ideology and work-family conflict in India. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting.
Rantanen, J., et al. (2011). Introducing theoretical approaches to work-life balance and testing a new typology among professionals Creating Balance? (pp. 27-46): Springer.
Rathi, N., et al. (2013). Work-family conflict and job and family satisfaction: Moderating effect of social support among police personnel. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32(4), 438-454.
Rehman, S., et al. (2012). Gender and work-life balance: a phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 209-228.
Rice, R. W., et al. (1980). The Job-Satisfaction/ Life-Satisfaction Relationship: A Review of Empirical Research. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1(1), 37-64. doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp0101_4
Robbins, S. P., et al. (2012). Essentials of organizational behavior.
Rowden, R. W., et al. (2005). The impact of workplace learning on job satisfaction in small US commercial banks. Journal of workplace Learning, 17(4), 215-230.
Ruderman, M. N., et al. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy of Management journal, 45(2), 369-386.
Russo, M., et al. (2016). Workplace and family support and work–life balance: Implications for individual psychological availability and energy at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 173-188.
Sabharwal, M., et al. (2009). Faculty job satisfaction across gender and discipline. The Social Science Journal, 46(3), 539-556.
Saleem, A. (2015). Impact of life and job domain characteristics on work-life balance of textile employees in Pakistan. Science International, 27(3), 2409-2416.
Sandeen, C. (2008). Boomers, Xers, and Millennials: Who Are They and What Do They Really Want from Continuing Higher Education? Continuing Higher Education Review, 72, 11-31.
Schneider, B., et al. (1975). Some relationships between job satisfaction and organization climate. Journal of applied psychology, 60(3), 318.
Seligman, M. E. (2004). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment: Simon and Schuster.
Shockley, K. M., et al. (2011). Reconsidering Work—Family Interactions and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), 861-886. doi: 10.1177/0149206310394864
Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a Theory of Role Accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 567-578. doi: 10.2307/2094422
Singh, S. (2014). Measuring work-life balance in India. International Journal, 2(5).
Singhapakdi, A., et al. (2014). Gender disparity in job satisfaction of Western versus Asian managers. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1257-1266.
Smeltzer, S. C., et al. (2016). Psychometric analysis of the Work/Life Balance self-assessment scale. Journal of nursing measurement, 24(1), 5-14.
Smith, K. T. (2010). Work-Life Balance Perspectives of Marketing Professionals in Generation Y. Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(4), 434-447. doi: 10.1080/15332969.2010.510724
Sousa-Poza, A., et al. (2003). Gender differences in job satisfaction in Great Britain, 1991–2000: permanent or transitory? Applied Economics Letters, 10(11), 691-694.
Sousa‐Poza, A., et al. (2000). Taking another look at the gender/job‐satisfaction paradox. Kyklos, 53(2), 135-152.
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3): Sage publications.
Tait, M., et al. (1989). Job and life satisfaction: A reevaluation of the strength of the relationship and gender effects as a function of the date of the study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(3), 502-507. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.74.3.502
Thomas, L. T., et al. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of applied psychology, 80(1), 6.
Veenhoven, R. (1996). The study of life-satisfaction.
Voydanoff, P. (2005). Toward a conceptualization of perceived work‐family fit and balance: A demands and resources approach. Journal of marriage and family, 67(4), 822-836.
Walia, P. (2015). Gender and age as correlates of work-life balance. Journal of Organisation and Human Behaviour, 4(1).
Wayne, J. H., et al. (2007). Work–family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human resource management review, 17(1), 63-76.
Weiss, D. J. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Vol. 22): Work Adjustment Project, Industrial Relations Center, University of Minnesota.
Wesley, J. R., & Muthuswamy, P. R. (2005). Work-family conflict in India-An empirical study. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 2(4), 95-102.
Williams, K. J., et al. (1994). Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 837-868.
Yücel, İ. (2012). Examining the relationships among job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: An empirical study. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(20), 44.
Zhang, et al. (2007). Making a life or making a living? Cross-cultural comparisons of business students’ work and life values in Canada and France. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 14(3), 174-195.
Zhang, M., et al. (2012). Work-family conflict and individual consequences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(7), 696-713.
Zhao, X., et al. (2012). The relationship of chronic regulatory focus to work–family conflict and job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 458-467. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.07.004