自工業革命以來，便捷的生活也附帶引入了污染物至環境之中，對生物及人類造成健康上的風險及危害。在臺灣，宗教活動中燃燒香之習慣非常常見，但研究表明，線香燃燒產生的多環芳香烴 (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)會引起呼吸道刺激，潛在增加癌症風險。為了進一步識別燃香中除PAHs以外的新興污染物質，如日常用品中常見的內分泌干擾物質，本研究收集了數座臺灣寺廟和一個有燃香習慣的家庭的濾網空氣顆粒和灰塵樣本，使用基因重組酵母菌生物試驗法檢測樣本之類(抗)雌激素活性、類(抗)雄激素活性、類(抗)甲狀腺激素活性、類(抗)糖皮質激素活性、類(抗)鹽皮質激素活性、類(抗)孕激素活性及類芳香烴活性，以氣相層析質譜儀分析樣本中的PAHs，並進行非目標質譜分析。
生物試驗結果顯示，於所有樣本中均檢測出抗雄激素活性 (194.7-2094.3 μg Flutamide-equivalent/g)、抗鹽皮質激素活性 (9.6-1224.9 μg Spironolactone-equivalent/g)，與類芳香烴活性 (2.9-367.8 μg β-Naphthoflavone-equivalent/g)。此外，共12個樣本有抗糖皮質激素活性 (1.8-350.1 μg Tetrachlorobisphenol A-equivalent/g)、9個樣本具抗雌激素活性 (19.9-366.5 μg (Z)-4-Hydroxytamoxifen-equivalent/g)、6個樣本具抗甲狀腺激素活性 (51.9-203.9 μg 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid-equivalent/g)、5個樣本有抗孕激素活性 (30.0-525.9 μg 4-Nonylphenol-equivalent/g) 及1個樣本具類雌激素活性 (11.1 ng 17β-Estradiol-equivalent/g)。
非目標分析結果顯示，在臺灣寺廟的空氣顆粒和灰塵樣本中總共檢測出59種物質，其中包括塑化劑及抗氧化劑、自然環境物質和燃燒示蹤物，當中包括拜香可能所用之香料成分，其可能刺激眼睛及黏膜，而燃燒示蹤劑的檢出也符合廟宇中燃香的習慣。目標分析結果顯示PAHs在所有樣本均有檢測出，51種PAHs在空氣顆粒樣本及灰塵樣本濃度範圍分別為0.3-63.4 µg/g及0.1-19.2 µg/g。樣本中主要以4環PAHs為主，其次是5環PAHs，其來源為生物質燃燒所產生。癌症風險評估結果顯示，一般香客透過吸入及皮膚接觸途徑的致癌風險可以忽略；對於部分廟宇中，長期暴露在燃香環境的工作人員其皮膚接觸途徑呈現潛在致癌風險。

Since the Industrial Revolution, the convenience of modern life has also introduced pollutants into the environment. These pollutants, accumulating in organisms, gradually pose risks and hazards to both living beings and humans. Among them, common daily products often contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can cause developmental abnormalities, increase the risk of cancer, and interfere with the nervous and reproductive systems. In Taiwan, burning incense during religious activities is very common. However, research has shown that the combustion of incense can generate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can cause respiratory irritation and potentially increase the risk of cancer. In order to further identify emerging pollutants in incense burning, this study collected air particulate and dust samples from several temples in Taiwan and one household with a habit of burning incense. The samples were subjected to endocrine-disrupting activity testing, non-target analysis, and targeted analysis of PAHs.

Endocrine-disrupting activity testing was performed using recombinant yeast assays. The study examined the samples for estrogenic (anti-estrogenic), androgenic (anti-androgenic), thyroid hormone-like (anti-thyroid), glucocorticoid-like (anti-glucocorticoid), mineralocorticoid-like (anti-mineralocorticoid), progesterone-like (anti-progesterone), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples for PAHs, and non-target analysis was conducted to explore other pollutants.

Biological assay results showed that all samples exhibited anti-androgenic activity (194.7-2094.3 μg Flutamide-equivalent/g), anti-mineralocorticoid activity (9.6-1224.9 μg Spironolactone-equivalent/g), and AhR agonist activity (2.9-367.8 μg β-Naphthoflavone-equivalent/g). Additionally, 12 samples showed anti-glucocorticoid activity (1.8-350.1 μg Tetrachlorobisphenol A-equivalent/g), 9 samples exhibited anti-estrogenic activity (19.9-366.5 μg (Z)-4-Hydroxytamoxifen-equivalent/g), 6 samples had anti-thyroid hormone activity (51.9-203.9 μg 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid-equivalent/g), 5 samples showed anti-progestogenic activity (30.0-525.9 μg 4-Nonylphenol-equivalent/g), and 1 sample exhibited estrogenic activity (11.1 ng 17β-Estradiol-equivalent/g). The results of non-target analysis revealed a total of 59 substances detected in the air particulate and dust samples from Taiwanese temples, including plasticizers, antioxidants, natural environmental substances, and combustion tracers. Some of these substances may be ingredients used in incense, which could potentially cause eye and mucosal irritation. The detection of combustion tracers is also consistent with the practice of burning incense in temples. The targeted analysis showed that PAHs were detected in all samples, with a total concentration ranging from 0.1 to µg/g 63.4 µg/g. The concentration ranges in air particulate samples and dust samples are 0.3 to 63.4 µg/g and 0.1 to 19.2 µg/g, respectively. The samples were primarily composed of 4-ring PAHs, followed by 5-ring PAHs, and the sources of PAHs were identified as biomass burning. The cancer risk assessment results indicated that the carcinogenic risk for regular incense users through inhalation and dermal exposure pathways can be ignored. However, for some temples, employees exposed to the burning of incense in the long term exhibited a potential carcinogenic risk through the dermal exposure pathway.

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