目的：本研究旨在探討舉重挺舉技術中，箭步挺（Split Jerk, SpJ）與下蹲挺（Squat Jerk, SqJ）在槓鈴運動軌跡及關節運動學參數之差異。透過比較兩者之生物力學特徵，提供基層教練與運動員在技術選擇上的科學依據，以建構更具適應性與穩定性的訓練模式，進而提升運動競技表現。
方法：本研究採探索性個案研究設計，招募兩名曾參與2024年亞洲青年暨青少年舉重錦標賽之優秀女子舉重運動員為研究對象。實驗採用 Simi 無貼點動作捕捉系統（Simi Markerless Motion Capture System）搭配6台高速攝影機（120Hz）進行動作影像擷取。為確保測得無代償之純粹技術軌跡，測試重量設定為選手最佳成績之50%（約50公斤）。動作分期涵蓋：(1) 架槓準備、(2) 預蹲、(3) 衝槓、(4) 接槓支撐及 (5) 站立靜止等五個時期。受限於樣本數（N=2），本研究數據主要透過敘述性統計與運動學軌跡特徵進行個案比對，用以初步評估兩技術模式在相同次最大負荷下之動作差異與力學效能。
結果：運動學數據顯示，兩種技術在最關鍵的「接槓支撐期」存在顯著的姿態差異。下蹲挺（SqJ）的軀幹前傾角度高達 25.32°～27.21°，將近是箭步挺（SpJ）6.45°～11.07° 的三倍；同時，下蹲挺的肩關節夾角（62.1°～66.8°）亦顯著大於箭步挺（47.2°～54.7°）。數據趨勢證實，下蹲挺雖然對槓鈴上推高度的需求較低，但對選手的肩部與下肢柔韌性、核心抗重穩定性及動作精準度要求極高。相較之下，箭步挺具備較大的支撐面積與容錯空間，是目前成功率較高且更普遍的技術選擇。
結論：本研究提出「綜合交叉訓練策略」，建議依據技術互補性進行弱點補強：主項為下蹲挺者，可透過箭步挺訓練強化衝槓的垂直驅動高度與爆發力；主項為箭步挺者，則可利用下蹲挺強化快速下潛的神經反應、肩部柔韌性與底層核心穩定。實務應用上，應將穩定性置於槓鈴重量之上，並鼓勵教練善用技術交互訓練來全面提升舉重運動員的身體素質與競技潛能。

Background and Introduction In competitive Olympic weightlifting, the clean and jerk is the ultimate determinant of a competition's outcome, pushing the limits of human strength, speed, and technical precision. While the split jerk (SpJ) has historically been the most prevalent and standard technique, an increasing number of elite lifters in recent international championships (such as the Olympics and World Championships) have adopted the squat jerk (SqJ) technique to break world records. According to the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) rules, both the split jerk and the squat jerk are legal techniques, differing primarily in the lower-limb catching posture after the upward drive. Despite the theoretical biomechanical advantages of the squat jerk, domestic research comparing the kinematic characteristics of these two techniques remains extremely limited. Therefore, an in-depth biomechanical comparison is essential to help domestic coaches and athletes optimize technical selection and mitigate injury risks.
Objectives This exploratory case study aims to comprehensively investigate the kinematic differences—specifically focusing on barbell displacement trajectories and lower-limb joint kinematics—between the traditional split jerk and the squat jerk. By quantifying the biomechanical variables across different phases of the jerk, this research provides a scientific, evidence-based framework for grassroots coaches to formulate adaptable and highly stable training models, complement technical weaknesses, and enhance athletic competitive performance.
Methods Two elite female youth weightlifters who competed in the 2024 Asian Youth Weightlifting Championships were recruited for this laboratory-based study (Subject A1: 17 years old, 76 kg class; Subject A2: 20 years old, 64 kg class). Kinematic data were collected at the National Sports Science Center using the Simi Markerless Motion Capture System, paired with six 3D high-speed cameras (Baumer VCUX-23C) operating at a sampling frequency of 120 Hz. The markerless system was specifically chosen to prevent physical interference with the lifters’ natural execution of explosive movements. The kinematic data were smoothed using a fourth-order zero-phase Butterworth low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 6 Hz.
To isolate pure technical trajectories and prevent compensatory mechanisms associated with maximal limits, the experimental load was standardized at 50% of each athlete's one-repetition maximum (approximately 50 kg). The jerk motion was systematically divided into five analytical phases: (1) rack phase, (2) dip phase, (3) drive phase, (4) catch and stabilization phase, and (5) recovery (standing still) phase. Analytical parameters included barbell vertical/horizontal displacement, downward velocity, trunk forward lean angle, and joint angles of the shoulder and lower limbs.
Results The kinematic analysis revealed several profound biomechanical distinctions, particularly during the critical catch and stabilization phase:
Barbell Trajectory and Vertical Displacement: According to the work-energy principle (W=F×d), the SqJ offers a mechanical advantage by significantly reducing the required vertical displacement (d). The study observed that the SqJ allows the barbell to be caught approximately 30 to 35 cm lower than the SpJ. For instance, Subject A1’s maximum barbell catch height in the SpJ was 1.72 m, whereas in the SqJ, it dropped significantly to 1.14 m. Similarly, Subject A2 achieved a catch height of 1.64-1.66 m in the SpJ compared to a much lower 1.09 m in the SqJ.
Barbell Downward Velocity and Impact: Although the SqJ requires less vertical lifting height, it exhibits a significantly faster barbell downward velocity during the catch phase (-0.88 ± 0.14 m/s) compared to the SpJ (-0.41 ± 0.17 m/s). Consequently, the kinetic impact generated in the SqJ is estimated to be 7.36 times higher than that of the SpJ, demanding exceptional neuromuscular control to absorb the rapid descent.
Joint Kinematics and Postural Compensation: During the deep catch phase, the SqJ demands extreme mobility. Athletes exhibited a significantly greater trunk forward lean in the SqJ (A1: 27.21° ± 5.99°; A2: 25.32° ± 1.57°) compared to the relatively upright posture in the SpJ (A1: 11.07° ± 0.40°; A2: 6.45° ± 0.54°). To compensate for this severe trunk lean and keep the barbell centered over the base of support, the SqJ necessitates massive shoulder joint flexibility. The shoulder joint angles in the SqJ ranged from 62.1° to 66.8°, compared to 47.2° to 54.7° in the SpJ, often pushing the shoulders into extreme hyperextension.
Base of Support and Stability: The SpJ provides a substantially larger sagittal stability angle (46.99° ± 3.23°) than the SqJ (13.64° ± 0.51°). This broader base of support in the split stance provides athletes with superior anteroposterior balance and a much larger margin for error, explaining its lower failure rate.
Discussion The findings underline a critical trade-off in weightlifting mechanics: efficiency versus stability. While the squat jerk theoretically requires less mechanical work to lift maximal loads, its technical threshold is incredibly unforgiving. It demands exceptional ankle, hip, and shoulder flexibility, coupled with dynamic core stability, to survive the extreme kinetic impact and narrow sagittal stability angle. Conversely, the split jerk remains the more reliable and widely adopted technique due to its greater technical tolerance and robust base of support, although it requires higher vertical drive power to elevate the barbell. It is important to note the familiarity bias as a limitation of this study; both subjects were SpJ specialists, meaning the excessive trunk lean observed in their SqJ attempts may partly stem from a lack of neuromuscular adaptation rather than an inherent flaw of the technique itself.
Conclusion and Practical Applications Technical selection should be strictly individualized and aligned with the athlete's structural and physiological profile. This study proposes a "comprehensive cross-training strategy" to exploit the complementary nature of both techniques. Athletes specializing in the split jerk can incorporate squat jerk variations (e.g., snatch balances or light squat jerks) to train their rapid drop-under speed, core rigidity, and shoulder mobility. Conversely, squat jerk specialists can utilize the split jerk to develop maximal vertical drive height and explosive lower-limb extension. Ultimately, stability must always take precedence over load. It is highly recommended that grassroots coaches utilize biomechanical analysis to address specific kinetic weaknesses, ensuring that athletes only transition to the high-risk, high-reward squat jerk technique when their flexibility and baseline strength can fully support it.

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