簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 馬春陽
Ma, Chun-Yang
論文名稱: 寬能階氧化鋅半導體材料特性及應用
The characteristic and application of wide bandgap semiconductor material ZnO
指導教授: 蘇炎坤
Su, Yan-Kuin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 微機電系統工程研究所
Institute of Micro-Electro-Mechancial-System Engineering
論文出版年: 2005
畢業學年度: 93
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 65
中文關鍵詞: X光光電子能譜氧化鋅薄膜RF磁控濺鍍法
外文關鍵詞: XRD, Raman, PL, Hall, XPS, ZnO, p type
相關次數: 點閱:91下載:5
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  •   由於氧化鋅材料具寬能階的直接能隙特性,被視為是在光電方面最具有發展潛力的材料之一;本論文利用RF磁控濺鍍法,成功的在玻璃基板上於室溫的氛圍中掺雜氮氣沈積出p type之氧化鋅薄膜。
      由於未掺雜任何雜質的氧化鋅本身即為n type,對於光電元件材料的開發與應用需同時具備n type及p type的特性,然而p type 的氧化鋅在多年來發表的論文探討中皆顯示不易形成。本研究以氧化鋅靶材,掺雜不同的氮氣流量,在玻璃基板上沈積氧化鋅薄膜,沈積出p type之氧化鋅薄膜,為驗證溫度對薄膜的影響,經過100℃ 15分鐘及30分鐘退火處理後,比較其薄膜霍爾量测特性。
      藉由數種儀器的檢測包括原子力顯微鏡、拉曼光譜、X光光電子能譜、紫外光-可見光穿透率及激發光光譜等,分析不同的氮氣流量掺雜的濺鍍條件探討氧化鋅薄膜的結構、光學與導電性質的變化;並參考目前已發表的文獻與本實驗的結果加以驗證討論。
      本實驗於經過100℃ 15分鐘退火處理後得其最佳載子濃度為1.11×1018 cm-3 ,電阻為40.4 Ω‧㎝,遷移率為1.39cm2/V-sec。

     Zinc Oxide (ZnO) with the material character of wide and direct bandgap is one of the most potential materials for the development of the optoelectronics.
     The crystalline ZnO is naturally an n-type semiconductor. However, for the development of optoelectronic devices, it is necessary for one to have the material being able to be formed with both the n-type and p-type. A number of reports have been published for p-type measurements in ZnO films, while there still be no easy way to produce a good quality p-type ZnO. In this thesis, the feasibility study for p-type ZnO thin film manufactured by radio frequency sputtering technique were introduced under varied flow rate of nitrogen gas. To verify the temperature effect, we had check the Hall effect for annealing 100℃ for 15minutes and 30 minutes.
     The characteristics of the films were be checked by several instruments including AFM, Raman spectrum analysis, XPS, UV-Vis transmittance spectrum, and micro PL. By verified these results, relatively papers had been referred.
     After 100℃ 15 minutes annealing process, we had the optima concentration is around 1.11×1018 cm-3 , resistivity is 40.4 Ω‧㎝, mobility is 1.39cm2/V-sec.

    Contents Abstract (in Chinese) …………………………………………………I Abstract (in English) …………………………………………………II Contents …………………………………………………………………IV Table Captions …………………………………………………………VII Figure Captions ……………………………………… ………………VIII Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………1 1.1 ZnO character …………………………………………………………1 1.2 The reasons of using N element in the experiment ……………3 1.3 Motivation ……………………………………………………………5 1.4 Chapter Outline ………………………………………………………6 Chapter 2 Fabrication System and Measurement Theory…………… 10 2.1 RF Sputtering System………………………………………………10 2.2 The Hall Effect Analysis-…………………………………………10 2.3 X–Ray Diffraction Analysis ……………………………………11 2.4 Raman measurement …………………………………………………13 2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy ………………………………………… 14 2.6 XPS ……………………………………………………………………15 2.7 UV-Visible spectrometry …………………………………………15 2.8 Micro-PL Analysis …………………………………………………16 Chapter 3 Experiment process and measurement tools ………………20 3.1 The experiment process ……………………………………………20 3.2 Annealing processes …………………………………………………21 3.3 Measurement tools ………………………………………………… 22 3.3.1 The Hall Effect Analysis ………………………………………22 3.3.2 X–Ray Diffraction Analysis ………………………………… 22 3.3.3 Raman measurement …………………………………………………22 3.3.4 Atomic Force Microscopy …………………………………………23 3.3.5 XPS ………………………………………………………………… 23 3.3.6 Transmittance …………………………………………………… 23 3.3.7 Micro-PL Analysis ……………………………………………… 23 3.4 Definition …………………………………………………………… 24 Chapter 4 Results and Discussions …………………………………… 26 4.1 The Hall Effect analysis …………………………………………26 4.2 X–Ray Diffraction analysis ………………………………………27 4.3 Raman analysis ………………………………………………………29 4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy analysis ………………………………29 4.5 XPS analysis ……………………………………………………… 30 4.6 Transmittance analysis ………………………………………… 31 4.7 Micro PL analysis …………………………………………………32 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Works ………………………… 59 5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………………………59 5.2 Future Works ……………………………………………………… 60 Reference ……………………………………………………………… 61

    【1】許浩承國立清華大學材料科學與工程學系碩士論文(2004)
    【2】Sonny X. Li, ”Nitrogen doped zinc oxide thin film”, Master thesis, material science and engineering in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley, Fall,2003.
    【3】C. S. Chang, S. J. Chang, Y. K. Su, C. H. Kuo, W. C. Lai, Y. C. Lin, Y. P. Hsu, S. C. Shei, J. M. Tsai, H. M. Lo, J. C. Ke, and J. K. Sheu, IEEE Trans. Elec. Device, 50 2208(2003).
    【4】S. J. Chang, C. S. Chang, Y. K. Su, R. W. Chuang, W. C. Lai, C. H. Kuo, Y. P. Hsu, Y. C. Lin,S. C. Shei, H. M. Lo, J. C. Ke, and J. K. Sheu, IEEE Photonics Tech. Letts, 16 1002(2004).
    【5】C. H. Chen, S. J. Chang, Y. K. Su, G. C. Chi, J. Y. Chi, C. A. Chang, J. K. Sheu, and J. F. Chen, IEEE Photonics Tech. Letts, 13 848(2001).
    【6】S. Wang, T. Li, J. M. Reifsnider, B. Yang, C. Collins, A. L. Holmes, Jr., and J. C. Campbell, IEEE J. OF Quan. Elec., 36 1262(2000).
    【7】David P. Bour, Michael Kneissl, Linda T. Romano, Matthew D. McCluskey, Chris G. Van deWalle, Brent S. Krusor, Rose M. Donaldson, Jack Walker, Clarence J. Dunnrowicz and Noble M. Johnson, IEEE J. Of Sel. Top. Quan. Elec., 4 498(1998).
    【8】Atsushi Tsukazaki, Akira Ohtomo, Takeyoshi Onuma, makoto Ohtani, Takayuki Makino, Masatomo sumiya, Keita Ohtani, Shigefusa F. Chichibu, Syunrou Fuke, Yusaburou Segawa, Hideo Ohno, Hideomi Koinuma, and Masashi Kawasaki, “Repeated temperature modulation epitaxy for p-type doping and light-emitting diode based on ZnO”, Nature materials, Vol.4, pp.42-46, Jan. 2005
    【9】P. Zu, Z.K. Tang, G.K.L. Wong, M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, H. Koinuma and Y. Segawa, “Ultraviolet spontaneous and stimulated emissions from ZnO microcrystallite thin films at room temperature”, Solid Slate Communications. Vol. 103. No. 8. pp. 459-463, 1997
    【10】Fumiyasu Oba, Shigeto R. Nishitani, Seiji Isotani, and Hirohiko Adachi, ”Energetics of native defects in ZnO”, J. Appl. Phys.,Vol.90,No.2,pp.824-828,Jul.2001.
    【11】Su-Shia Lin, Jow-Lay Huang, Ding-Fwu Lii, “Effect of substrate temperature on the properties of Ti-doped ZnO films by simultaneous rf and dc magnetron sputtering”, Mater. Chem. and Phys. Vol. 90, pp. 22–30, 2005
    【12】Y.R. Ryu!, S. Zhu!,1, D.C. Look, J.M. Wrobel, H.M. Jeong, and H.W. White, “Synthesis of p-type ZnO films”, J. Cry. Growth. Vol.216, pp.330-334, 2000
    【13】C. H. Park, S. B. Zhang, and Su-Huai Wei ,“Origin of p-type doping difficulty in ZnO: The impurity perspective”,Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 66, 073202,2002
    【14】M. Joseph, H. Tabata, H. Saeki, K. Ueda, T. Kawai,” Fabrication of the low-resistive p-type ZnO by codoping method”, Physica B, 302–303 pp. 140–148, 2001.
    【15】Eun-Cheol Lee, Y.-S. Kim, Y.-G. Jin, and K.J. Chang,”First-principles study of the compensation mechanism in N-doped ZnO”, Physica B 308-310, page 912-915 (2001).
    【16】S.B.Zhang, S.-H. Wei, and Alex Zunger,”Intrinsic n-type verse p-type doping asymmetry and the defect physics of ZnO”,Phys.Rev.B,Vol.63,075205,pp.1-7,Jan.2001.
    【17】Gang Xiong, John Wilkinson, Brian Mischuck, S.Tuzemen, K.B.Ucer, and R.T.Williams,”Control of p- and n-type conductivity in sputter deposition of undoped ZnO”, Appl. Phys.Lett.,Vol.80,No.7,pp.1195-1197,Feb.2002.
    【18】Ming-Zhi, Lee, ”The study of electrical and physical properties of P-type ZnO thin films prepared by sputtering”, Master thesis, Institute of electronic engineering , National Chiao Tung University,2002.
    【19】Eun-Cheol Lee, Y.-S. Kim, Y.-G. Jin, and K. J. Chang, “ Compensation mechanism for N acceptors in ZnO”, Phys. Rev B, Vol. 64, pp.085120-1 –5 , Aug. 2001
    【20】Yuichi Sato, Susumu Sato,” Preparation and some properties of nitrogen-mixed ZnO thin films”, Thin Solid Films,281-282, pp.445-448, 1996
    【21】D. C. Look and J. W. Hemsky, and J. R. Sizelove, “Residual Native Shallow Donor in ZnO”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp., Mar. 1999
    【22】S. B. Zhang, Su-Huai Wei, and Alex Zunger, “A phenomenological model for systematization and prediction of doping limits in II–VI and I–III–VI2 compounds”, J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 83, No. 6 , pp.3192-3194, Mar. 1998
    【23】L.G.Wang and Alex Zunger,“Cluster-Doping Approach for Wide-Gap Semiconductors: The Case of p-Type ZnO”, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 90, No. 25, pp. 256401-4, Jun. 2003
    【24】A.Kaschner, U.Haboeck, Martin Strassburg, Matthias Strassburg, G.Kaczmarczyk, A.Hoffmann, C.Thomsen, A. Zeuner, H.R.Alves, D.M.Hofmann, and B.K.Meyer, ”Nitrogen-related local vibrational modes in ZnO:N”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.80,No.11,pp.1909-1911,Mar.2002.
    【25】王時君,國立成功大學微機電系統工程學系碩士論文(2004)
    【26】Web page by University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center. W.W.W. cudenver.edu
    【27】http://www.uksaf.org/tech/xps.html
    【28】Eun-Cheol Lee, Y.-S. Kim, Y.-G. Jin, and K. J. Chang, “Compensation mechanism for N acceptors in ZnO”, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 64, 085120, 2001
    【29】Powder Diffraction Files 2004, published by “International Centre for Diffraction Data”.
    【30】Xinqiang Wang, Shuren Yang, Jinzhong Wang, Mingtao Li, Xiuying Jiang, Guotong Du, Xiang Liu, R.P.H. Chang,”Nitrogen doped ZnO film grown by the plasma-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition”, J. Cry. Growth, 226 pp. 123-129 (2001).
    【31】C. Bundesmann, N. Ashkenov, M. Schubert, D. Spemann, T. Butz, E. M. Kaidashev, M. Lorenz, and M. Grundmann, “Raman scattering in ZnO thin films doped with Fe, Sb, Al, Ga, and Li”, Appl. Phys.Lett.,Vol.83,No.10,pp.1974-1976,Sep.2003.
    【32】X.L. Xu, S.P. Lau, B.K. Tay,”Structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films produced by filtered cathodic vacuum arc”, Thin Solid Films 398-399, pp.244-249, 2001
    【33】D Wang, Y C Liu, R Mu, J Y Zhang, Y M Lu, D Z Shen and X W Fan, ”The photoluminescence properties of ZnO:N films fabricated by thermally oxidizing Zn3N2 films using plasma-assisted metal-organic chemical vapour deposition”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16,pp.4635-4642, 2004.
    【34】D. C. Looka) and D. C. Reynolds, C. W. Litton and R. L. Jones, D. B. Eason and G. Cantwell, “Characterization of homoepitaxial p-type ZnO grown by molecular beam epitaxy”, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 81, No.10 , pp.1830-1832, Sep. 2002
    【35】Hang-Ju Ko, Agus Setiawan, Chihiro harada, Takuma AuzuKi, and Takafumi Yao,“ Doping of acceptor impurities into ZnO”, IEEE, pp. 327-328, 2002
    【36】Fumiyasu Oba, Shigeto R. Nishitani, Seiji Isotani, Hirohiko Adachi, and Isao Tanaka, “Energetics of native defects in ZnO”, J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 22–30, Jul. 2001
    【37】K. Iwata, P. Fons, A. Yamada, K. Matsubara, S. Niki, “Nitrogen-induced defects in ZnO : N grown on sapphire substrate by gas source MBE”, J. Cry. Growth. Vol.209, pp.526-531, 2000
    【38】K.Kuriyama, Yukimi Takahashi, and F. Sunohara, ”Optical band gap of Zn3N2 films”, Phys. Rev. B, Vol.48, No.4, pp. 2781-2782, Jul. 1993
    【39】D. C. Look, D. C. Reynolds, C. W. Litton, R. L. Jones,D. B. Eason and G. Cantwell, “Characterization of homoepitaxial p-type ZnO grown by molecular beam epitaxy”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 81, No. 10, pp.1830-1832, Sep. 2002
    【40】C.W. Litton, D.C. Look, B.B. Claflin, D.C. Reynolds, G.. Cantwell, D.B.Eason, R.D. Worley, “Growth and properties of n- and p-type ZnO”, IEEE, Page(s):28 – 35, Apl.2004.
    【41】Yuichi sato, Susumu Sato,“Preparation and some properties of nitrogen-mixed ZnO thin films”, Thin Solid Films, 281-282, pp.445-448, 1996
    【42】N. Y. Garces, N. C. Giles, and L. E. Halliburton, G. Cantwell and D. B. Eason, D. C. Reynolds and D. C. Look, “Production of nitrogen acceptors in ZnO by thermal annealing”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 80, No. 8, pp. 1334-1336,Feb. 2002
    【43】Y. R. Ryu, T. S. Lee, and H. W. White , “Properties of arsenic-doped p-type ZnO grown by hybrid beam deposition”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 83, No. 1, pp.87-89, Jul. 2003
    【44】Hiroshi Kawazoe, Masahiro Yasukawa, Hiroyuki Hyodo, Masaaki Kurita, Hiroshi Yanagi, and Hideo Hosono, “P-type electrical conduction in transparent thin films of CuAlO2 “
    【45】T. Aoki, Y. Shimizu, A. Miyake, A. Nakamura, Y. Nakanishi, and Y. Hatanaka,“p-Type ZnO Layer Formation by Excimer Laser Doping”, phys. stat. sol. (b) 229, No. 2, pp.911–914, 2002
    【46】Kyoung-Kook Kim, Hyun-Sik Kim, Dae-Kue Hwang, Jae-Hong Lim, and Seong-Ju Park, “Realization of p-type ZnO thin films via phosphorus doping and thermal activation of the dopant”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 83, No. 1, pp.63-65, Jul. 2003
    【47】X.L. Xu, S.P. Lau, and B.K. Tay, “Structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films produced by filtered cathodic vacuum arc”,Thin Solid Films 398 .399, pp.244-249, 2001
    【48】Su-Shia Lin, Jow-Lay Huang,and Ding-Fwu Lii,“The effect of thickness on the properties of Ti-doped ZnO films by simultaneous r.f. and d.c. magnetron sputtering”, Surface & Coatings Technology 190, pp.372– 377, 2005
    【49】Su-Shia Lin, Jow-Lay Huang, and P. Sajgalik, “The properties of Ti-doped ZnO films deposited by simultaneous RF and DC magnetron sputtering”, Surface & Coatings Technology 191, pp. 286– 292, 2005
    【50】Hiroshi Kawazoe, Hiroshi Yanagi, Kazushige Ueda, and Hideo Hosono, “Transparent p-Type Conducting Oxides: Design and Fabrication of p-n Heterojunctions”, MRS BULLETIN/AUGUST 2000
    【51】S.B.Zhang, S.-H. Wei, and Alex Zunger, “ intrinsic n-type versus p-type doping asymmetry and the defect physics of ZnO”, Physical Review B, Vol.63, 075205, Jan.2001.
    【52】B.S.Li, Y.C.Liu, Z.Z.Zhi, D.Z.Shen, Y.M.Lu, J.Y.Zhang, X.W.Fan, R.X.Mu, and Don O.Henderson,”Optical properties and electrical characterization of p-type ZnO thin films prepared by thermally oxiding Zn3N2 thin films”, J.Mater.Res., Vol.18, No.1, pp.8-13, Jan.2003
    【53】Elena Budianu, Munizer Purica, Raluca Ghavrila, Stelian Nastase, Emil Rusu, S.V.Slobodchikov, M.Turcu, ”ZnO thin film optical window as partner for photodetecting heterostructures on Si nad InP”, IEEE, pp.389 –392, 1999
    【54】Zhijian Wang, Haiming Zhang, Zhijun Wang, Ligong Zhang, Jinshan Yuan, Shenggang Yan and Chunyan Wang, “Structure and strong ultraviolet emission characteristics of amorphous ZnO films grown by electrophoretic deposition”, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan 2003
    【55】Y.G. Wang, S.P. Lau, X.H. Zhang, H.W. Lee, H.H. Hng, B.K. Tay, “Observations of nitrogen-related photoluminescence bands from nitrogen-doped ZnO films”, J. Cry. Growth, 252 pp. 265-269 (2003).
    【56】S. T.uzemen, Gang Xiong, John Wilkinson, Brian Mischuck, K.B. Ucer, and R.T. Williams, “Production and properties of p–n junctions in reactively sputtered ZnO”, Physica B, 308–310, pp.1197–1200, 2001
    【57】Tae-Hyoung Moon, Min-Chang Jeong, Woong Lee, and Jae-Min Myoung , ”The fabrication and characterization of ZnO UV detector”, Appl. Surface Science 240, pp.280–285, 2005

    下載圖示 校內:2008-07-22公開
    校外:2008-07-22公開
    QR CODE