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研究生：	玫壯里 Birgitta Narindri Rara Winayu
論文名稱：	以藍綠菌Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) 應用於養豬廢水處理及附加產物分析 Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) Cultivation in Swine Wastewater and Byproducts Extraction
指導教授：	朱信 Chu, Hsin
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2021
畢業學年度：	109
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	234
中文關鍵詞：	二氧化碳固定、藍綠菌、養豬廢水、副產物、稀釋
外文關鍵詞：	CO2 fixation, cyanobacteria, swine wastewater, byproducts, dilution
相關次數：	點閱：1780 下載：0
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隨著大氣中二氧化碳濃度升高，吸引了各式有關二氧化碳固碳的研究，當中光合微生物固定二氧化碳的生物固碳法，因其轉化效率高、低成本且具有對各種環境的高耐受性，以及伴隨著價值副產物產生，被認為是有效的方法之一。
Thermosynechococcus sp CL-1 (TCL-1) 為台東金崙溫泉中分離出之藍綠菌，已被證實具有良好的固碳效率、雌激素降解以及生成高價值副產物，如色素(胡蘿蔔素、藻藍蛋白) 及大分子產物 (碳水化合物、脂質及蛋白質) 的能力。
另一方面，豬肉需求的增長導致養豬廢水中累積了各式污染物，如含氮磷等有機物、雌激素及重金屬，如無適當的處理將會造成環境問題，而養豬廢水中之污染物能被光合微生物所利用。因此，在適當的條件下結合傳統養豬廢水處理法與光合微生物培養系統將有助於降低廢水處理成本並提升廢水處理效率。
在光照強度1,000 µE/m2/s及稀釋5倍之缺氧槽養豬廢水(未滅菌)的培養條件下，培養初始生物質濃度為2 g/L的TCL-1於平板生物反應器中，能達到最高的生物產量及二氧化碳固定率。此外，C-藻藍蛋白為主要的高價值副產物，而大分子產物部分碳水化合物與脂的質產量則近乎相同。由於稀釋養豬廢水因其會耗費水資源或許不是最佳的處理方法，然而，在廢水預處理過程中使用矽酸鐵吸附劑亦可達到稀釋廢水之效果。

Elevation of CO2 concentration attracts various studies to discover efficient strategies in the CO2 fixation method. Biological CO2 fixation by photosynthetic microorganisms are considered a promising method due to the great conversion rate, low-cost process, high endurance to various environments, and promising byproducts production. Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) is an isolated cyanobacterium from a hot-spring in Chin Lun, Taiwan which has been acknowledged to have a good performance on CO2 fixation, hormone degradation, and byproducts such as pigments or macromolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, protein) production.
On the other hand, the rising pork meat demand causes the accumulation of swine wastewater with various compounds, like nutrients, hormones, and heavy metals which can be used by the photosynthetic microorganism but will be an environmental issue without proper treatments. Therefore, the combination of swine wastewater treatment with photosynthetic microorganism cultivations under proportional technique will approach higher efficiency in cost and performance.
The application of 5-fold diluted non-sterilized anoxic treated swine wastewater in thermophilic flat panel photobioreactor under 2 g/L initial TCL-1 and 1,000µE/m2/s achieved the highest biomass production and CO2 fixation rate. Moreover, C-phycocyanin is the dominant generated pigment, while carbohydrate and lipid reach almost the same content ratio. For the technologies in dilution process reduction, mixture swine wastewater might not be a potential strategy, but tap water as a substitute for DI water was applicable. However, the implementation of iron silicate adsorbent in pretreatment could eliminate the urgency of the dilution process.

Content
摘要	I
Abstract	II
Acknowledgements	III
Content	IV
List of Figures	X
List of Tables	XX
Abbreviations	XXII
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1-1	Background	1
1-2	Objectives	3
Chapter 2 Literature Review	7
2-1 Recent Environmental Isssues	7
2-1-1 CO2 concentration issues and sequestration strategies	7
2-1-2 Wastewater discharge issues	9
2-2 Swine Wastewater	9
2-2-1 Swine wastewater composition	10
2-2-1-1 Nutrients content	10
2-2-1-2 Hormones contaminants	11
2-2-1-3 Heavy metal contaminants	14
2-2-1-4 Microbial communities in swine wastewater	14
2-2-2 Technologies in swine wastewater treatments	15
2-3 Cyanobacteria	17
2-3-1 Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1)	19
2-3-2 Cyanobacteria metabolism path	20
2-3-2-1 Carbon cycle	20
2-3-2-2 Nitrogen cycle	22
2-3-3 Cyanobacteria in CO2 fixation and swine wastewater treatment strategy	24
2-3-4 Influencing factors in cyanobacteria cultivation	26
2-3-4-1 Light energy	26
2-3-4-2 Applied bioreactor	27
2-3-4-3 Nutrients supply	28
2-3-4-4 Temperature	29
2-3-4-5 pH value	29
2-4 Cyanobacteria Byproducts Production	29
2-4-1 Macromolecules production	29
2-4-2 Pigments	31
2-4-2-1 Phycobiliprotein	31
2-4-2-2 Carotenoids	32
2-5 Technologies in Enhancing Dilution Efficiency	33
2-5-1 Various diluent in swine wastewater dilution process	34
2-5-2 Implementation of adsorption strategies	35
Chapter 3 Materials and method	39
3-1 Cyanobacterium (Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 /TCL-1)	39
3-2 Chemical and Materials	40
3-2-1 Modified Fitzgerald (MF) as TCL-1 Growth Medium	40
3-2-2 Implemented swine wastewater	42
3-2-3 Chemicals in analysis	43
3-3 Experimental equipment	46
3-3-1 Equipment in cultivation process	46
3-3-2 Analysis instrument	48
3-3-3 Supporting equipment	50
3-3-4 Applied bioreactor	52
3-4 Experimental Methods	53
3-4-1 Overall experimental process	53
3-4-2 Pre-cultivation stages	55
3-4-3 Preliminary studies of swine wastewater arrangement for TCL-1 cultivation	57
3-4-4 TCL-1 growth feasibility from the cultivation using swine wastewater	59
3-4-5 TCL-1 performance on CO2 fixation from the cultivation using swine wastewater	60
3-4-6 TCL-1 performance on swine wastewater contaminants degradation	61
3-4-7 TCL-1 performance on byproducts generation from the cultivation using swine wasteawater	62
3-4-8 Existence of other microbial communities from TCL-1 cultivation in swine wastewater	63
3-4-9 Blank experiment of TCL-1 cultivation in swine wastewater	63
3-4-9-1 Various light intensity and pH adjustment	64
3-4-9-2 Cultivation in dark condition and DIC addition	64
3-4-10 Strategies in reducing swine wastewater dilution	64
3-4-10-1 The application of various diluent in dilution process	65
3-4-10-2 Adsorption strategies	66
3-4-11 Sampling period and collecting methods	68
3-5 Analytical methods	69
3-5-1 pH value analysis	69
3-5-2 Biomass concentration analysis	69
3-5-3 Inorganic nutrient concentration analysis	70
3-5-4 Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) analysis	70
3-5-5 Inorganic nitrogen content analysis	71
3-5-6 Elemental analysis	74
3-5-7 CO2 fixation analysis	74
3-5-8 Estrogen degradation analysis	75
3-5-9 Heavy metal analysis	76
3-5-10 Phycobiliprotein group analysis	77
3-5-11 Carotenoid group analysis	79
3-5-12 Lipid content analysis	79
3-5-13 Carbohydrate content analysis	80
3-5-14 Protein content analysis	81
3-5-15 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis	81
3-5-16 Microbial communities’ analysis	82
3-5-17 Adsorption kinetic analysis	82
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion	84
4-1 Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) pre-cultivation stage	84
4.2. Preliminary Studies	87
4.2.1. Various Dilution Ratio and Sterilization Implementation	89
4.2.2. Various Dilution Ratio, Swine Wastewater Treatment Tank Unit, and DIC Addition	93
4.2.3. Various Light Intensity and Light Arrangement	97
4.2.4. Various Initial Biomass Concentration	99
4.3. TCL-1 Biomass Productivity from Cultivation in Swine Wastewater	101
4.4. Performance of TCL-1 CO2 Fixation from Cultivation in Swine Wastewater	106
4.5. TCL-1 Performance on Swine Wastewater Contaminants Degradation	111
4.5.1. Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4+-N) Degradation	111
4.5.2. Estrogen Degradation	122
4.5.3 Heavy Metal (HM) Degradation	124
4.6. Byproducts Generation from TCL-1 Cultivation in Swine Wastewater	125
4.6.1. Pigments Compounds from TCL-1 Biomass	125
4.6.1.1. Phycobiliprotein Groups Production	126
4.6.1.2. Carotenoid Groups Production	135
4.6.2. Macromolecules Compounds from TCL-1 Biomass	139
4.6.2.1. Lipid Production	140
4.6.2.2. Carbohydrate Production	143
4.6.2.3. Protein Production	145
4.7. Existence of Other Microbial Communities from TCL-1 Cultivation in Swine Wastewater	150
4.8. Blank Experiment as the Confirmation of TCL-1 Performance in Swine Wastewater	156
4.8.1. Blank Experiment Under Various Light Intensity and pH Adjustment	156
4.8.2. Experiment Under Dark Condition and Existence of DIC	164
4.9. Technology in Reducing Dilution Demand from TCL-1 Cultivation in Swine Wastewater	176
4.9.1. Various Diluent for Swine Wastewater Dilution	176
4.9.2. Adsorption Strategy for Swine Wastewater Pretreatment	187
4.9.2.1. Activated Carbon Adsorption	187
4.9.2.2. Vermicullite Adsorption	194
4.9.2.3. Fe/Si Adsorption	197
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Suggestion	210
5-1 Conclusion	210
5-2 Suggestions	212
SUPPLEMENTARY	213
Reference	225
                                    

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