隨著全球氣候變遷加劇、人口持續增長與人工智慧(AI)技術快速發展帶來的三重壓力，循環經濟(Circular Economy)已逐漸成為企業轉型的核心策略方向。有別於傳統線性經濟模式，循環經濟強調資源在經濟體系中的持續循環流動，並涉及多元異質行動者(actors)的跨界協作。面對此一複雜性，開放式創新(Open Innovation)被視為能夠幫助企業跨越組織邊界、獲取外部關鍵資源的重要機制。然而，現有研究對於企業獲取外部資源之後，如何在組織內部進行整合與協調的過程，尚未受到充分關注；此外，既有關於資源協調(Resource Orchestration)的實證研究亦多以量化設計為主，難以細緻呈現管理者在動態情境下進行協調決策的具體歷程。因此本研究以臺灣循環包裝新創企業配客嘉（PackAge+）為單一個案，採取質性個案研究方法，以開放式創新與資源協調作兩大理論視角，深度探究其發展歷程，以揭示企業如何跨越組織邊界獲取外部資源，並透過管理者的資源協調行動，逐步形塑具備競爭優勢的循環生態系統。
　　本研究結果發現，循環理念的契合是跨組織合作得以開啟的前提，非貨幣性(Non-pecuniary)機制不僅驅動外部行動者進入合作關係，亦在合作遭遇挑戰時持續提供維繫關係的凝聚力。此外，本研究透過對個案歷程的實證追蹤，具體揭示管理者的資源協調能力，是決定外部資源能否轉化為競爭優勢的關鍵。更進一步發現，循環生態系統並非一蹴即成，而是透過管理者在不同發展階段中持續協調與累積資源，逐步將各節點整合為環環相扣的系統，使整體生態系統隨複雜度提升而愈發難以被競爭者複製。
　　最後，本研究受限於訪談對象集中於下游利害關係人，且單一個案之發現在推論至不同情境時仍需審慎參考。建議未來學者可納入上游供應商視角，或採取多重個案研究設計，以提升研究發現的廣度與可信度。

In response to accelerating climate change, continuous population growth, and advances in artificial intelligence (AI), the Circular Economy has become a key direction for corporate transformation. Unlike the conventional linear economic model, it emphasizes continuous resource circulation within economic systems and cross-boundary collaboration. Therefore, Open Innovation serves as a critical mechanism through which firms cross organizational boundaries and access external resources. However, existing research has paid insufficient attention to how firms integrate and transform these resources. Moreover, empirical studies on Resource Orchestration have relied mainly on quantitative research, limiting insight into managers’ decision-making in dynamic contexts. To address these gaps, this study conducts a qualitative case study of PackAge+, a Taiwanese circular packaging startup, using Open Innovation and Resource Orchestration as dual theoretical perspectives to explore the firm’s development process.

The findings reveal that shared circular values are essential for initiating and sustaining interorganizational collaboration. Non-pecuniary mechanisms motivate external actors to participate and strengthen relationships when collaboration encounters friction. Furthermore, managers' capacity to integrate and leverage resources determines whether externally acquired resources can be transformed into competitive advantages. Circular ecosystems emerge progressively through continuous resource orchestration across developmental stages, linking individual actors into an increasingly complex and difficult-to-imitate system.

This study is limited by its emphasis on downstream stakeholders and single-case design. Future research should include upstream suppliers or adopt multiple-case designs to improve the breadth and generalizability of the findings.

Ahmad, S., Wasim, S., Irfan, S., Gogoi, S., Srivastava, A., & Farheen, Z. (2019). Qualitative v/s. Quantitative Research-A Summarized Review. Population, 1(2), 2828-2832.
Andersen, M. S. (2007). An Introductory Note on the Environmental Economics of the Circular Economy. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 133-140.
Aryee, R., Kanda, W., Geissdoerfer, M., & Kirchherr, J. (2025). Circular ecosystems: Past, present, and future research directions. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 29(4), 1364-1381.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643-650.
Barney, J. B., & Arikan, A. M. (2005). The resource‐based view: origins and implications. The Blackwell Handbook of Strategic Management, 123-182.
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559.
Becker Howard, S. (1963). Outsiders. Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.
Bocken, N. M., De Pauw, I., Bakker, C., & Van Der Grinten, B. (2016). Product Design and Business Model Strategies for A Circular Economy. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 33(5), 308-320.
Bocken, N. M., Short, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 42-56.
Bogers, M., Chesbrough, H., & Strand, R. (2020a). Sustainable open innovation to address a grand challenge. British Food Journal, 122(5), 1505-1517.
Bogers, M., Chesbrough, H., & Strand, R. (2020b). Sustainable open innovation to address a grand challenge: Lessons from Carlsberg and the Green Fiber Bottle. British Food Journal, 122(5), 1505-1517.
Bogers, M., & Lhuillery, S. (2011). A functional perspective on learning and innovation: Investigating the organization of absorptive capacity. Industry and Innovation, 18(6), 581-610.
Bresciani, S. (2017). Open, networked and dynamic innovation in the food and beverage industry. In (Vol. 119, pp. 2290-2293): Emerald Publishing Limited.
Brown, P., Von Daniels, C., Bocken, N. M. P., & Balkenende, A. R. (2021). A process model for collaboration in circular oriented innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, 125499.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Carnes, C. M., Chirico, F., Hitt, M. A., Huh, D. W., & Pisano, V. (2017). Resource orchestration for innovation: structuring and bundling resources in growth-and maturity-stage firms. Long Range Planning, 50(4), 472-486.
Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2006). In search of complementarity in innovation strategy: Internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition. Management Science, 52(1), 68-82.
Cheng, C. C. J., & Huizingh, E. K. R. E. (2014). When is open innovation beneficial? The role of strategic orientation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(6), 1235-1253.
Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open innovation: a new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation. Open Innovation: Researching A New Paradigm, 400, 0-19.
Chesbrough, H., & Bogers, M. (2014a). Explicating open innovation: Clarifying an emerging paradigm for understanding innovation. New Frontiers in Open Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Forthcoming, 3-28.
Chesbrough, H., & Bogers, M. (2014b). Explicating Open Innovation: Clarifying An Emerging Paradigm for Understanding Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business Press.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2007). Why companies should have open business models. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Cillo, V., Rialti, R., Bertoldi, B., & Ciampi, F. (2019). Knowledge management and open innovation in agri-food crowdfunding. British Food Journal, 121(2), 242-258.
Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (2009). Competing on Resources: Strategy in the 1990s. In Knowledge and strategy (pp. 25-40). Routledge.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications.
Cui, Y., Liu, W., Rani, P., & Alrasheedi, M. (2021). Internet of Things (IoT) adoption barriers for the circular economy using Pythagorean fuzzy SWARA-CoCoSo decision-making approach in the manufacturing sector. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120951.
de Jesus, A., & Mendonça, S. (2018). Lost in Transition? Drivers and Barriers in the Eco-Innovation Road to the Circular Economy. Ecological Economics, 145, 75-89.
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
DiCicco‐Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321.
Dyer Jr, W. G., & Wilkins, A. L. (1991). Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: A rejoinder to Eisenhardt. Academy of Management Review, 16(3), 613-619.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Evans, S., Vladimirova, D., Holgado, M., Van Fossen, K., Yang, M., Silva, E. A., & Barlow, C. Y. (2017). Business model innovation for sustainability: Towards a unified perspective for creation of sustainable business models. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(5), 597-608.
García‐Quevedo, J., Jové‐Llopis, E., & Martínez‐Ros, E. (2020). Barriers to the circular economy in European small and medium‐sized firms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(6), 2450-2464.
Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M. P. P., Pigosso, D. C. A., & Soufani, K. (2020). Circular Business Models: A Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123741.
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy–A New Sustainability Paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768.
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768.
Gerring, J. (2004). What is a case study and what is it good for? American Political Science Review, 98(2), 341-354.
Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135.
Hakanen, E., & Rajala, R. (2018). Material intelligence as a driver for value creation in IoT-enabled business ecosystems. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 33(6), 857-867.
Helfat, C. E., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M., Singh, H., Teece, D., & Winter, S. G. (2009). Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations. John Wiley & Sons.
Holcomb, T. R., Holmes, R. M., Jr., & Connelly, B. L. (2009). Making the most of what you have: Managerial ability as a source of resource value creation. Strategic Management Journal, 30(5), 457-485.
Hughes, P., Hodgkinson, I. R., Elliott, K., & Hughes, M. (2018). Strategy, operations, and profitability: the role of resource orchestration. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(4), 1125-1143.
Iansiti, M., & Levien, R. (2004). Strategy as ecology. Harvard Business Review, 82(3), 68-81.
Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39(8), 2255-2276.
Jaeger, B., & Upadhyay, A. (2020). Understanding barriers to circular economy: cases from the manufacturing industry. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 33(4), 729-745.
Jelinski, L. W., Graedel, T. E., Laudise, R. A., McCall, D. W., & Patel, C. K. (1992). Industrial ecology: concepts and approaches. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(3), 793-797.
Jesus, G. M. K., & Jugend, D. (2023). How can open innovation contribute to circular economy adoption? Insights from a literature review. European Journal of Innovation Management, 26(1), 65-98.
Kanda, W., Geissdoerfer, M., & Hjelm, O. (2021). From circular business models to circular business ecosystems. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(6), 2814-2829.
Kanda, W., Kuisma, M., Kivimaa, P., & Hjelm, O. (2020). Conceptualising the systemic activities of intermediaries in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 36, 449-465.
Katz, R., & Allen, T. J. (1982). Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome: A look at the performance, tenure, and communication patterns of 50 R & D Project Groups. R&d Management, 12(1), 7-20.
Kazancoglu, Y., Ozbiltekin Pala, M., Sezer, M. D., Luthra, S., & Kumar, A. (2025). Drivers of implementing Big Data Analytics in food supply chains for transition to a circular economy and sustainable operations management. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 38(1), 219-242.
Kirchherr, J., Piscicelli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A., & Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence from the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264-272.
Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 127, 221-232.
Kirchherr, J., Yang, N.-H. N., Schulze-Spüntrup, F., Heerink, M. J., & Hartley, K. (2023). Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 194, 107001.
Konietzko, J., Bocken, N., & Hultink, E. J. (2020). Circular ecosystem innovation: An initial set of principles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119942.
Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, J.-C., & Groen, A. J. (2010). The resource-based view: A review and assessment of its critiques. Journal of Management, 36(1), 349-372.
Kumar, A., Mangla, S. K., & Kumar, P. (2024). Barriers for adoption of Industry 4.0 in sustainable food supply chain: a circular economy perspective. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 73(2), 385-411.
Kvale, S. (1996). An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. In: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
MacArthur, E. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(1), 23-44.
Moore, J. F. (1993). Predators and prey: a new ecology of competition. Harvard Business Review, 71(3), 75-86.
Moore, J. F. (1996). The death of competition: leadership and strategy in the age of business ecosystems. (No Title).
Myers, M. D. (2019a). Qualitative research in business and management.
Myers, M. D. (2019b). Qualitative Research in Business and Management. SAGE Publications.
Myers, M. D., & Avison, D. (2002). Qualitative research in information systems: a reader. Sage.
Ochieng, P. A. (2009). An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 13, 13.
Parida, V., Burström, T., Visnjic, I., & Wincent, J. (2019). Orchestrating industrial ecosystem in circular economy: A two-stage transformation model for large manufacturing companies. Journal of Business Research, 101, 715-725.
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Sage Publications.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: The Free Press.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Technology and competitive advantage. Journal of Business Strategy, 5(3), 60-78.
Press, M., Robert, I., & Maillefert, M. (2020). The role of linked legitimacy in sustainable business model development. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 566-577.
Priem, R. L., & Butler, J. E. (2001). Is the resource-based “view” a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 22-40.
Ragin, C. (1994). Constructing social research: the unity and diversity of method. Sociology.
Ragin, C. C. (2004). Introduction to session 1: Defining qualitative research. Workshop on Scientific Foundations of Qualitative Research,
Ritzén, S., & Sandström, G. Ö. (2017). Barriers to the Circular Economy–integration of perspectives and domains. Procedia Cirp, 64, 7-12.
Schriber, S., & Löwstedt, J. (2018). Managing asset orchestration: A processual approach to adapting to dynamic environments. Journal of Business Research, 90, 307-317.
Schulte, U. G. (2013). New business models for a radical change in resource efficiency. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 9, 43-47.
Schumpeter, J. A., & Swedberg, R. (2021). The theory of economic development. Routledge.
Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2009). Contingencies within dynamic managerial capabilities: Interdependent effects of resource investment and deployment on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(13), 1375-1394.
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Arregle, J. L., & Campbell, J. T. (2010). The dynamic interplay of capability strengths and weaknesses: investigating the bases of temporary competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 31(13), 1386-1409.
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 273-292.
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Gilbert, B. A. (2011). Resource orchestration to create competitive advantage: Breadth, depth, and life cycle effects. Journal of management, 37(5), 1390-1412.
Stake, R., & Visse, M. (1995). Case study research. Springer.
Taherdoost, H. (2022). What are different research approaches? Comprehensive review of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method research, their applications, types, and limitations. Journal of Management Science & Engineering Research, 5(1), 53-63.
Tate, W. L., Bals, L., Bals, C., & Foerstl, K. (2019). Seeing the forest and not the trees: Learning from nature’s circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149, 115-129.
Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285-305.
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319-1350.
Trevisan, A. H., Castro, C. G., Gomes, L. A. V., & Mascarenhas, J. (2022). Unlocking the Circular Ecosystem Concept: Evolution, Current Research, and Future Directions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 29, 286-298.
Trevisan, A. H., Castro, C. G., Gomes, L. d. V., & Mascarenhas, J. (2022). Unlocking the Circular Ecosystem Concept: Evolution, Current Research, and Future Directions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 29, 286-298.
Truant, E., Giordino, D., Borlatto, E., & Bhatia, M. (2024). Drivers and barriers of smart technologies for circular economy: Leveraging smart circular economy implementation to nurture companies' performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 122954.
Tukker, A. (2015). Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 97, 76-91.
Velenturf, A. P., & Purnell, P. (2021). Principles for A Sustainable Circular Economy. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 1437-1457.
Veleva, V., & Bodkin, G. (2018). Corporate-entrepreneur collaborations to advance a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 20-37.
Walliman, N. (2021). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Yalçın, N. G., & Foxon, T. J. (2021). A systemic approach to transitions towards circular economy: The case of Brighton and Hove. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 3, 100038.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Vol. 5). SAGE.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (Vol. 6). Sage Thousand Oaks, CA.
Zucchella, A., & Previtali, P. (2019). Circular Business Models for Sustainable Development: A “Waste Is Food” Restorative Ecosystem. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(2), 274-285.