| 研究生: |
殷台生 Yin, Tai-Sheng |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
排放權交易與空污費制度倂行
之經濟分析--以高屏空品區為例 Economic Analysis of a Mixed System of Air Pollution Fee and Tradable Permits─A Case Study of the Kaoshiung-Pingtung Country |
| 指導教授: |
廖肇寧
Liao, Chao-Ning |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 政治經濟研究所碩士在職專班 Graduate Institute of Political Economy(on the job class) |
| 論文出版年: | 2007 |
| 畢業學年度: | 95 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 63 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 抵換係數 、空污費 、排放權交易 、空氣污染 、氮氧化物 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Emission Trading, Trading Ratio, Nitrogen Oxide, Air pollution, Air Pollution Fee |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:116 下載:4 |
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我國目前規劃的排放權交易制度,係與空污費制度倂行。本文試圖融合二項制度,建立一極小化總管制成本模型,以高屏空品區42個污染源的氮氧化物排放量、平均單位減量成本、空污費率等實際資料,分別模擬抵換係數(k)從1.0至1.4等9個不同數值,以及空污費優惠費率係數(v)從0至1等11項不同數值,共計99種情況,求解連續5年社會的總管制成本、總減量成本、各產業的減量行為及排放權交易價格等,以作為施行該制度之參考。模擬結果顯示,當抵換係數設為1.2,優惠費率係數為0.5時,社會的總管制成本為856.88百萬元,此時每公噸的排放權交易價格為340元;若抵換係數為1.4,優惠費率係數同樣為0.5時,社會的總管制成本變為870.76百萬元,每公噸的排放權交易價格則為3,220元。另外,研究還發現,「石化業」負擔了將近9成的污染減量責任;在排放權交易市場中,最主要的供給者(賣出排放權)亦為石化業(約佔9成),最大的需求者(買進排放權)則為發電業(約5成5至7成2)。同時,也發現排放權交易價格將隨著抵換係數之增加而提高。
Unlike most tradable permit systems adopted in other countries, the trading program in Taiwan is built upon the current air pollution fee regulation. By incorporating several special features such as trading ratio and air pollution fee rates used for Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) control, the purpose of this study is to investigate how a newly proposed emission trading scheme in the Kaoshiung and Pingtung counties may affect firms’ emission reduction strategies and permit trading decisions. The results show that if the permit trading ratio is 1.2 and firms involved in the trading system can have a 50% discount on the current unit air pollution fee rate, the total regulation costs needed to reduce 10% of NOx emission from the year 2000 emission level for a five-year span would be $856.88 million while the permit trading price is $340 per ton. When the permit trading ratio is raised to 1.4, the total regulation costs and the permit trading price would increase to $870.76 million and $3,220 per ton respectively. Firms from petrochemical industry play a major role in emission reduction and supply almost 90% of permits. On the other hand, firms from electricity generating industry act as major buyers in the market. In addition, the permit trading prices would have a rising trend as the trading ratio increases.
(一)中文部份
一、專書
1、王金南:《環境經濟學-理論、方法、政策》,(北京:清華大學出版社,1994年)
2、行政院環保署:《中華民國台灣地區環境保護統計年報》,(台北:行政院環保署, 2005年8月)。
3、陳明健:《自然資源與環境經濟學:理論基礎與本土案例分析》,(台北:雙葉 書廊,2003年)
4、張帆:《環境與自然資源經濟學》,(台北:五南出版社,2000年)。
5、黃宗煌、、劉錦添、鄭欽龍、薛立敏、蕭代基譯,Paul B. Downing著:《環境經濟學與政策》,(台北:聯經出版社,1988年)。
二、期刊論文
1、黃宗煌、李堅明:〈排放交易、廠商最適投資決策及經濟成長〉,《農業經濟半年刊》,70期(2001),頁1-35。
2、張煖、韓光榮:〈溫室氣體排放減量目標、衝擊與政策工具-美國相關研究之方向與結果〉,《能源季刊》,29卷1期(1999),頁65-82。
3、蕭代基:〈美國空氣淨化法之自由化改革〉,《美國月刊》,4卷1期(1989),頁51-60。
三、學位論文
1、 吳明芬:《環境管制對產業國際競爭力及東亞經濟成長之影響─多國動態CGE模型之應用》,中原大學國際貿易所碩士論文,2001年。
2、張村品:《高高屏地區試行空氣污染排放權交易之市場分析》,成功大學政治經濟研究所碩士論文,2004年。
3、劉惠綺:《空污費政策與排放交易制度合併推行之可行性評估:以氮氧化物為例》,交通大學環境工程研究所碩士論文,2003年。
4、謝忠政:《成對連續交易在排放權市場中之研究—以高高屏空品區為例》,成功大學政治經濟研究所碩士論文,2005年。
5、羅立松:《排放權有效期限與分配方式對廠商決定的影響》,清華大學經濟學研究所碩士論文,2001年。
四、研究報告
1、李堅明、吳再益(1999)。「建立溫室氣體排放權交易制度之規劃研究」。台北:行政院經濟建設委員會八十八年度研究計劃。
2、李堅明(2000),「我國空氣污染物之排放權交易制度建置」。台北:行政院環保署。
3、李堅明:〈環保政策與產業競爭力相容性分析-以排放權交易制度設計為例〉 ,因應加入WTO環境保護與產業競爭力研討會,台北,2002年8月。
五、法條草案
1、「削減量差額認可、保留抵換及交易辦法」草案(2002)。台北:行政院環保署 。
(二)英文部份
一、專書
1、Aslam, M.A., International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and Issues Related to Voluntary Participation by Developing Countries,(United Nations Foundation, Project A006 TAD GLO 98 025, 2001)
2、 Chiang, A. C., Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984)
3、 Pigou, A. C., The Economics of Welfare, (London: Macmilan, 1920).
4、 Tietenberg, T. H., Emissions Trading: an Exercise in reforming pollution policy, (Washington, D.C.: Future, Inc., 1985).
5、 Tietenberg, T., M. Grubb, A. Michaelowa, B. Swift, Z. X. Zhang, International Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading: Defining the Principles, Modalities, Rules and Guideliness for verification, Reporting and Accountability,(United Nations and Conference on Trade and Development, 1999).
二、期刊論文
1、 Atkinson, S., and T. Tietenberg,“The Empirical Properties of Two Classes of Designs for Transferable Discharge Permit Markets,”Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, No.9(1982), pp.101-121.
2、 Atkinson, S., and T. Tietenberg,“Market Failure in Incentive-Based Regulation: The Case of Emissions Trading,”Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, No. 21(1991), pp.17-31.
3、 Burtraw, D., Harrison K. W., and Turner P.,“Improving Efficiency in Bilateral Emission Trading,”Environmental and Resource Economics, No.11(1998),pp.19-33.
4、 Baumol W. J., Oates W.E.,“The Use of Standards and Pricing for Protection of the Environment,”Swedish Journal of Economics, No. 7(1971), pp.42-54.
5、 Coase, R. H., “The Problem of Social Cost, ” Journal of Law and Economics, No. 3(1960),pp. 1-44.
6、 Egteren, van H., and M. Weber,“Marketable Permits, Market Power, and Cheating,”Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, No.30(1996), pp.161-173.
7、 Hahn, R. W.,“Market Power and Transferable Property Rights,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.99, No.4(1984), pp. 753-765.
8、Montgomery, W. D.,“Markets in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs,”Journal of Economic Theory, No.5(1972), pp. 395-418.
9、Pearce, D. “The Role of Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to Global Warming,” Economic Journal, 101(July)1991), pp. 938-948.
10、Rose, A., B. Stevens, J. Edmonds and M. Wise,“International Equity and Differentiation in Global Warming Policy,”Environmental and Resource Economics, No.12(1998), pp.25-51.
11、Rubin, J. D.,“A Model of Intertemporal Emission Trading, Banking, and Borrowing,”Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol.31, No.3(1996),pp. 269-286.
12、Westskog, H.,“Market Power in a System of Tradeable CO2 Quotas,”The Energy Journal, Vol.17, No.3(1996), pp. 85-103.
13、Stavins, R. N.,“Transaction Cost and Tradable Permits,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, No.29(1995), pp. 133-148.
14、Önal, H., K. A. Algozin, and R. H. Hornbaker,“Economically efficient watershed management with environmental impact and income distribution goals,”Journal of Environmental Management, No.53(1998), pp.241-253.