真核生物中的每一個物種皆具有其獨特的染色體核型，染色體核型分析是細胞遺傳學中的一種基礎且重要的研究方式，主要依據細胞核內所有染色體的長度、中心節的位置，由大到小依序排列出來的圖譜，對於基因組的演化與物種的形成提供了非常寶貴的信息。 對於植物而言，無論是在染色體的型態或是數量上，物種間呈現出顯著的多樣性；理論上，核型在同個族群中的所有個體都會是相同的，但科學家們卻在蘭科植物扇形文心蘭的細胞中發現了例外，扇形文心蘭先前陸續被報導出具有一種以上的細胞型，包含染色體數目2n = 10與2n = 12。扇形文心蘭為一種附生型蘭花，原產於熱帶美洲，因具有數個優勢條件，例如：生殖世代短、染色體數目少、較小的基因組及一年四季都能開花等特性，被認為是蘭科植物當中有潛力作為模式植物的物種。
為了瞭解扇形文心蘭兩種細胞型（2n = 10與2n = 12）之基因組是否具有同源性，我們對兩種細胞型的植株進行相互的人工受粉雜交（2n = 10 × 2n=12與2n = 12 × 2n = 10），經由螢光染色法、基因組原位雜交技術跟流式細胞儀的實驗結果發現，親代的基因組無論於基因組含量或是基因組組成皆呈現高度的相似性。雜交子代之染色體數目為2n = 11，於減數分裂中期I顯現出五個二價體及一個單價體；再者，透過觀察減數分裂的情形發現，親代染色體配對的區段之間，具有不成對的環形結構。另一方面，我們藉由分析染色體的長短臂比、異染色質區段、衛星染色體、核糖體DNA與端粒重複性序列所在的位置及數量，得知親代（兩種細胞型）的核型間有顯著的差異，推斷這些差異主要是由大規模的染色體結構重組所造成；此外，雜交子代呈現不育性，本實驗室至今仍無法培育出自交的後代，且自然界尚無發現2n = 11的族群，綜合以上所有的實驗結果，我們大膽的假設此兩種已被報導的細胞型，實際上是兩種不同的物種。

Each species is characterized by a specific set of chromosome, which is described as the chromosome portrait or karyotype. The characteristics of chromosome portrait deliver precious information on genome evolution and speciation, especially in related taxa with varying basic chromosome number and ploidy levels. Plant karyotypes display a great diversity in number and morphology. In general, such a karyotype is the same for all individuals in the population. An exception to that rule has been found in the orchid Erycina pusilla, two different chromosome numbers (2n = 10 and 2n = 12) were reported, suggesting two cytotypes. E. pusilla is an epiphytic Oncidiinae species, native to tropical America, and has been considered as a potential model organism for family Orchidaceae because of several advantageous features, such as short juvenile period, low chromosome number, small genome size and all year round blooming.
To reveal the genome homology between these two cytotypes of E. pusilla, we generated hybrids from intercytotypic reciprocal crosses (2n = 10 × 2n = 12 and 2n = 12 × 2n = 10), and applied fluorescent staining approach, genomic in situ hybridization and flow cytometry for genomic and cytogenetic analysis. The parental genomes showed high similarity both in genome composition and content. The hybrids displayed a chromosome number of 2n = 11 in mitotic cells. Moreover, five bivalents and one univalent were observed at meiotic metaphase I stage. We observed meiotic synaptic behavior and found homeologous pairing with unpaired loops between parental chromosome pairing segments. On the other hand, we examined the karyotypic differences of parental cytotypes by means of arm ratios, heterochromatin patterns, as well as the presence of satellite chromosomes, the number and location of rDNA and telomeric repeat sites. These results demonstrate that chromosome number variation of the two cytotypes is mainly caused by extensive chromosome rearrangements, not changes in genomic constitution. In addition, F1 hybrids between the parents with the two different chromosome numbers resulted in sterile offspring, and no natural 2n = 11 cytotype population has been reported so far. The combination of hybrid sterility and strikingly rearranged chromosomes supports the hypothesis that these two reported cytotypes are, in fact, two different species.

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