背景與目的：臺灣近年面臨人口老化及婚姻與居住型態的變遷，使中高齡者有新的生活需求與潛在風險，然而檢視其長期影響的研究仍不足。因此本研究欲探討中高齡各婚姻與獨居的長期變化趨勢，並考量性別、教育等社會人口特徵等影響。共設三個子題：（一）分析各婚姻歷程於生活滿意度與身心健康的長期變化及其性別差異；（二）探討獨居與否於生活滿意度與身心健康的長期變化；（三）檢驗獨居者自評健康、教育、收入與社會支持等資源對生活滿意度與心理健康變化的調節效果。
研究方法：本研究樣本來自1999與2000年兩波次之臺灣家庭動態調查（Panel Study of Family Dynamics, PSFD）主樣本，並追蹤其中於2012年時年滿50歲之中高齡者至2022年。子題一以生命歷程中的婚姻狀態作為分組基準，含持續已婚、持續單身，及中年前、中年、晚年離婚或喪偶，然而因資料內無晚年離婚者，最後共七組，有819名樣本；子題二則區分為獨居、非獨居兩組，有801名樣本；子題三則篩選任一波為獨居且持續至2022年者，有141名樣本。子題一與子題二分別檢視分組後樣本之生活滿意度與身心健康在2012至2022年追蹤期間的長期變化趨勢；子題三則檢視獨居者2012至2022年間的生活滿意度與身心健康是否受自評健康、教育程度、收入、社會支持因子影響。三個子題皆採用階層線性模型（hierarchical linear modeling, HLM）進行長期資料分析。
研究結果：子題（一）發現（1）持續已婚者在長期生活滿意度與身心健康上無顯著變差。而老年喪偶者主要在生活滿意度較低（β老年喪偶＝-9.3427，p＜.05）；（2）在納入教育程度、工作與收入後：持續已婚者的生活滿意度、自評健康、正向心理健康則分別減少.6195分（p＜.001）、.3913分（p＜.001）、.6743分（p＜.01），焦慮症狀則增加.6607分（p＜.01）。中年離婚則有高焦慮風險（β中年離婚＝4.3451，p＜.05），雖隨年齡增長可減輕焦慮（β中年離婚age＝-0.6897，p＜.01），但隨年齡增長有更低的自評健康（β中年離婚age＝-.2429，p＜.05）；老年喪偶低生活滿意度則轉為不顯著；（3）已婚男性相較於已婚女性，在自評健康與正向心理健康上分別多了.1152與.0281分（p＜.001），焦慮症狀則低了.6091分（p＜.001）。但已婚女性相較於男性的生活滿意度多了.3155分（p＜.001）；男性於中年前喪偶有低生活滿意度（β男性中年前喪偶＝-5.1515，p＜.05）與低正向心理健康（β男性中年前喪偶＝-5.657，p＜.01），中年前、中年離婚有低自評健康（β男性中年前離婚＝-1.5734，p＜.05；β男性中年離婚＝-46.16，p＜.05），而女性於老年喪偶生活滿意度較低（β女性老年喪偶＝-14.79，p＜.01）；（4）在控制教育程度、工作與收入後：中年前喪偶男性原較低的生活滿意度及正向心理健康轉為不顯著，中年前與中年離婚男性低自評健康亦轉為不顯著，但中年離婚男性焦慮症狀顯得更高（β男性中年離婚＝3.5989，p＜.05）。而中年離婚女性自評健康隨年齡增加而下降（β女性中年離婚＝-.5013，p＜.05），但正向心理健康轉為顯著較高（β女性中年離婚＝2.1821，p＜.05），老年喪偶女性低生活滿意度則不再顯著；子題（二）發現（1）獨居者於生活滿意度和自評健康皆較穩定而無顯著下降趨勢，且正向心理健康於晚年得略為提升但未顯著，且未因教育程度、工作與收入而不同；（2）高教育程度在生活滿意度或身心健康中有較佳表現（β大學及以上生活滿意＝.6629，p＜.05；β大學及以上自評健康＝.3798，p＜.001；β大學及以上焦慮症狀＝-.6646，p＜.05；β大學及以上正向心理健康＝.5841，p＜.05；β國中及高中生活滿意＝.448，p＜.05；β國中及高中自評健康＝.2497，p＜.01；β國中及高中焦慮症狀＝-.4409，p＜.05）、有工作者則表現較少的焦慮（β有工作焦慮症狀＝-.2506，p＜.05），收入高於平均僅於正向心理健康有正面影響（β收入高於平均正向心理健康＝.6039，p＜.001）。另外，女性生活滿意度多男性.5906分（p＜.001）、男性焦慮症狀則低於女性.4896分（p＜.001）；子題（三）發現：（1）自評健康、教育程度、社會支持與獨居者長期較高的生活滿意度與心理健康有關（β大學及以上生活滿意＝1.8143，p＜.05；β社會支持生活滿意＝1.9488，，p＜.05；β高自評健康焦慮＝-1.2954，p＜.05；β自評健康正向心理健康＝1.606，p＜.05）；（2）上述因子與年齡交互作用後皆轉為不顯著。
結論：不同婚姻中有資源上的差異，且使生活滿意度與身心健康受影響。在教育程度、工作與收入的保護下，持續已婚者生活滿意度與身心健康整體較穩定，且中年離婚隨年齡增長於身心健康上的不利影響較不明顯。而老年喪偶的教育程度、工作與收入卻使生活滿意度表現較差。性別分析則顯示已婚男性相較於已婚女性在身心健康表現更好，但已婚女性生活滿意更好。離婚或喪偶則對男女性皆有生活滿意度或身心健康上的不利影響，但因婚姻結束的年齡階段有差異，並皆隨教育程度、工作與收入而改變，反映社會人口特徵對婚姻終止的負面影響及其保護效果有限；而從本研究獨居分析來看，獨居未顯著為生活滿意度或身心健康上的長期風險，並發現性別、教育、工作與收入更為維持中高齡者生活滿意度與心理健康的重要條件；最後，自評健康、教育程度與社會支持為可短期提升獨居者生活滿意度或心理健康的重要保護因子。整體而言，本研究深化了對臺灣中高齡者各婚姻狀態與居住樣貌的理解，並指出未來研究應同時考量婚姻歷程、獨居、社會人口特徵、生命事件發生的時機，以更全面詮釋中高齡者生活滿意與身心健康上的長期變化軌跡。

Rapid population aging and changing marital and living arrangements have raised concerns about older adults' life satisfaction and psychophysiology health, yet longitudinal evidence in Taiwan remains limited. This study examines long-term trajectories across marital status, gender, and living arrangements and assesses the roles of key resources among long-term living-alone individuals. Using PSFD data (1999–2000), we examined long-term trajectories of life satisfaction and psychophysiology health among adults aged 50 years and older from 2012 to 2022 across marital status and living arrangements using hierarchical linear models. and identified protective factors among long-term living-alone individuals. The result showed continuously married individuals maintained relatively stable life satisfaction and psychophysiology health. Notably, marriage was more protective for men. Living alone itself was not associated with poorer outcomes, whereas among long-term living-alone individuals, better self-rated health, higher education, and greater social support were positively related to life satisfaction and psychological health. This study emphasized the need to consider marital trajectories, living arrangements and sociodemographic resources when examining life satisfaction and psychophysiological health among middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan.

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