本論文係對希羅多德的《歷史》第四書有關斯庫提亞的文本進行探究。這敘述一半是介紹斯庫提亞地理、習俗及傳統的民族誌論述（希臘人統稱為nomos），另半則是大流士對斯庫提亞人發動大規模入侵，這是波斯第一次入侵歐洲。希羅多德的《歷史》經常被批評在希臘波斯戰爭敘述中，經常出現長篇民族誌敘述，偏離敘述主題，可靠性也常被懷疑。本論文將以中亞草原民族斯庫提亞人進行探索，證實其民族誌敘述十分可靠，也強調這民族誌敘述與軍事史敘述是緊密關連，因為斯庫提亞人是根據自己的nomos來設計戰略，迎接挑戰，並戰勝波斯。類似情形也發生在雅典人因為民主政治，得以運用海軍戰勝波斯，而斯巴達人嚴格的agoge（斯巴達教育訓練），培養出在溫泉關視死如歸、和在普拉鐵伊阿戰場堅定不移的無敵戰士。簡言之，什麼樣的nomos會產生什麼樣的戰士，會決定如何回應危機。

論文第一章強調希羅多德如何運用愛奧尼亞啟蒙運動所強調的logos建立史學這新論述，特別強調前蘇格拉底哲學探索宇宙的arche，和希羅多德探索戰爭起源的aitie，兩者有諸多相似之處。第二章為波斯入侵斯庫提亞，主要是確定大流士遠征斯庫提亞的意義，以及斯庫提亞人如何根據民族性或nomos，回擊同樣來自中亞草原、但已經忘本的波斯人。第三章介紹希羅多德豐富的斯庫提亞民族誌內容，探討其起源、部落、祭儀以及戰事的種種，亦同時介紹現代考古成果，驗證希羅多德對於斯庫提亞的論述是多有所本；最後則是介紹兩位希臘「高貴野蠻人」，他們親善希臘文化，卻招來殺身之禍。在最後一章，希羅多德強調斯庫提亞人的「移動」與熱愛自由的精神結合，擊退波斯的入侵。而這場戰爭的勝利，也預示希臘人未來將成功擊退波斯入侵。

This thesis is an attempt to make an inquiry into the Scythian Logos in the Book 4 of Herodotus’ Histories (4.1-144), and the relationship between the Scythian ethnography (4.1-82) and the military narrative of Darius’ campaign against Scythia (4.83-144). It will then extend the conclusion reached in the Scythian logos to the Histories as a whole.

As the main theme of Histories is a research on the causes (aitie) of the Persian Wars, a detailed analysis of the relatively densely-structured and shorter Scythian Logos with a close reading of the text provides one with an excellent opportunity for a close observation on the relation between these two parts: ethnography of the Scythian people and the military history of Darius’ Scythian campaign, that brings us with a tentative conclusion that the custom and tradition (called nomos in Greek) of a people would influence how a people responded to the external crisis and how a war was conducted. What has been reached on the relationship between the ethnographical part and the military history part could then be applied, in a tentative way, to the Histories as a whole. Despite the various and lengthy ethnographies of Herodotus have often been criticized as not much more than entertaining digressions for no apparent purpose but high talks full of inaccuracies, they in fact constitute necessary and often accurate parts of the Histories as a whole.

原典
Goodwin, William W et al. (ed. and trans.) Plutarch, De Herodoti malignitate. (John Wilson and son, Cambridge, 1874)
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