目的：本研究目的為了解母親對注意力缺陷過動症(Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD)兒童的歸因，先前研究發現父母會透過自利偏誤提升正向感，本研究進一步探究母親歸因與自利偏誤間的關係，並透過功能性磁振造影(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)了解歸因背後的腦神經機制。
方法：本研究共納入23名育有一般國小兒童的母親，以及26名育有ADHD國小兒童的母親。採用IPSAQ典範，並將刺激材料改為描述兒童與母親互動的正負行為描述句，參與者在fMRI儀器內閱讀題目並判斷此行為的成因，選項分別為媽媽(自我歸因)、孩子(個人歸因)，以及情境。
結果：結果發現在自我歸因中兩組母親皆有自利偏誤的歸因型態，即相較於負向行為更傾向將正向行為歸因於自己。個人歸因中，一般兒童母親則傾向將正向行為歸因於孩子，表現利孩偏誤，而ADHD兒童母親則在正負行為沒有差異。情境歸因中，兩組母親皆傾向歸因負向行為於情境，且一般兒童母親有高於ADHD兒童母親之趨勢。兩組母親在正向個人歸因時ACC與mPFC皆有活化，且ADHD兒童母親在ACC的活化較一般兒童母親強烈；而負向個人歸因時則活化額葉相關腦區。
討論：母親會將孩子作為自己的延伸，故對於孩子正向的行為進行個人歸因時仍會活化自利偏誤相關腦區，且ADHD兒童母親更會因兒童的正向行為受到增強；而負向行為則與沒有偏誤的歸因有關，涉及更多的自我控制。

The purpose of this study was to investigate mothers’ attribution to their children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to investigate the relationship between mother’s attribution and the underlying neural mechanism. Twenty-three mothers of typical children and 26 mothers of children with ADHD participated in this study. We presented 80 short sentences that describe positive and negative child behaviors and asked the participants to imagine that the events happened to their children, to decide the main cause and assign it to one of the categories (mother, child, or situation) by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that both groups of mothers had the attribution styles of self-serving bias, but the mothers of typical children also showed child-serving bias. The comparison of the positive and negative sentences attributed to the child revealed activations of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex in both groups, with stronger activation of the ACC in the mothers of children with ADHD. In addition, the child-attributed negative versus positive sentences showed activation of the frontal-related region in both groups. We assume that mothers see children as their extension, so the child attribution of the positive behaviors will also activate the self-serving bias-related brain network, which is more enhanced by the child’s positive behaviors in the mothers of children with ADHD than in the mothers of typical children. Meanwhile, the frontal region is related to unbiased attribution and involves more self-control, which means that mothers need more control processing to attribute negative behaviors to children.

衛生福利部心理衛生專輯(2015), pp.15
黃于瑄(2017)。探討ADHD兒童的母親之自利歸因偏誤。國立成功大學，台南市。
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