本論文針對配置飛輪電池(Flywheel Cell)之油電混合車(Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV)，提出一能量管理策略(Energy Management Strategy, EMS)，使用適應性等效油耗最小策略(Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, A-ECMS)，將引擎之燃油、飛輪儲存之動能與鉛酸電池(Lead-acid Battery, LAB)儲存之化學能皆視為等效油耗，合併成一成本函數(Cost Function)，接著使用遺傳基因演算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)，藉由最佳化此成本函數，以求出最佳動力分配比例(Power Split Ratio)。
本論文之研究目標在於: (i) 降低燃油消耗; (ii) 維持鉛酸電池電量; (iii) 延長鉛酸電池壽命。 為了達到上述目標，本論文考量電池之壽命模型，額外添加“電池充放電電流”與“電池溫度”之限制於最佳化求解之限制式(Constraints)中，以避免電池長期處於加速老化之使用區間，同時持續地更新適應性等效油耗最小策略中的等效因子，使其能於電量低時，提高使用鉛酸電池之化學能的成本，反之則降低其成本以避免電量過高。
此外，由於本論文選用自手排變速箱(Automated Manual Transmission, AMT)作為調整內燃機引擎(Internal Combustion Engine, ICE)操作點之變速系統，每當變換檔位時皆會造成引擎操作點大幅度地改變，使得動力輸出中斷，因而影響乘客舒適度。 因此，本論文導入了二維換檔地圖(2-dimensional Shift Map, 2DGSM)，選擇“輪軸轉速”與“引擎輸出扭矩”作為升檔/降檔/維持當前檔位之依據，最後加入速度緩衝區間(Buffer Zone)，藉此避免過度換檔之情況發生。
本論文使用由車輛模擬軟體ADVISOR(ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR)與MATLAB/Simulink建立之基於後視法(Backward-facing Method)之油電車模型，將提出之控制器整合於其中作為初步模擬分析。 由Simulink模擬之結果得知，配置飛輪電池之HEV搭配本論文提出之能量管理策略與未配置飛輪電池之傳統燃油車相比，於油耗方面，在市區行車型態最高可達到16.10 %之降幅，於郊區行車型態最高可達到10.24 %之降幅，於高速公路行車型態則可達到5.97 %之降幅。 此外，鉛酸電池電量(LAB SOC)亦可維持於[0.45, 0.55]之安全區間中，且其充放電電流與電池溫度均可維持於正常使用區間中。 為了進一步驗證此控制器可應用於實務上，本論文建立一硬體迴路(Hardware-in-the-Loop, HIL)實驗平台，且由實驗結果可知: 雖然整體性能因訊息傳遞產生之時間延遲而有所影響，造成實際換檔延後且油耗改善些微變差，但整體趨勢相當符合電腦模擬之結果，驗證了本論文提出之能量管理策略在理論與實務中均有卓越的成效。

SUMMARY
For Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) equipped by Flywheel Cells (FWCs), a novel Energy Management Strategy (EMS), named as A-ECMS-2, is proposed. A-ECMS-2 is composed by 2-dimensional Gear Shift Map (2DGSM) and Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). Owing to discrete-ratio transmission employed, 2DGSM is construsted to avoid shift hunting and used to improve the fuel economy on Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Under ECMS, the optimal torque split ratio between ICE and FWCs is determined by Genetic Algorithm (GA). In addition, to retain the battery State of Charge (SOC), the equivalence factor is on-line tuned by the feedback of the achievable SOC, which can be evaluated out of current SOC, rotary speed of flywheel and vehicle speed. At design stage, the simulation softwares, namely ADVISOR (ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR) and MATLAB/Simulink, are employed to verify A-ECMS-2. Furthermore, to ensure its feasibility in real-world circumstances, A-ECMS-2 is lodged onto the embedded DSP chip to conduct the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) experiments. The results of simulations show that: (i) the improvement degree of fuel economy is up to 16.10 % in comparison to pure ICE vehicles without FWC; (ii) the battery SOC can be retained within [0.45, 0.55] for any driving cycle studied in the thesis. The experimental results by HIL experiments are pretty close to the computer simulations undertaken by MATLAB/Simulink earlier. According to the examinations by both HIL experiments and computer simulations, A-ECMS-2 can be potentially applied to the real-world vehicles and FWCs are proved to greatly manifest its superior fuel reduction effect.

Keywords: Flywheel Cell, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Gear Shift Map, Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, Hardware-in-the-Loop.

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