隨著氣候變遷與碳中和目標逐漸成為全球共識，汽車產業正面臨能源轉型的重大壓力。新能源汽車因此應運而生，成為各國政府積極推動的重點產業之一。中國憑藉政策扶持與完整供應鏈優勢，迅速崛起為全球最大新能源車市場。然而，在補貼退場與市場驅動轉型過程中，各車廠效率表現差異顯著，亟需系統性分析以辨識其轉型成效與潛在瓶頸。
本研究採用雙階段資料包絡分析法（Two-stage DEA），建構結合跨期變數與方向性距離函數的 RDM DDF 模型，評估中國 15 家新能源車廠於 2020 至 2022 年間在營運階段和市場與ESG 階段的效率表現，並進一步納入特斯拉作為國際標竿進行比較。研究結果顯示：(1) 共7家車廠三年總效率值皆達 1，包含比亞迪、理想等標竿企業。(2) 電動車導向企業在二階段效率表現皆明顯優於傳統燃油導向企業，顯示新能源導向有助提升效率。(3) 效率於2022年普遍下降，顯示企業在面對外部挑戰，維持轉型成果的能力仍顯不足。(4) 納入特斯拉後，多數企業效率出現明顯下降，凸顯其在營運與永續方面的強勢地位，具標竿參考價值。
本研究揭示中國車廠在新能源趨勢下的效率結構與差異，亦透過進一步之群體分析提供管理與政策建議，期望能協助企業朝向更穩健的永續轉型

As climate change and carbon neutrality goals become a global consensus, the automotive industry is facing mounting pressure to undergo an energy transition. In response, new energy vehicles (NEVs) have emerged as a key industry promoted by governments worldwide. Leveraging policy incentives and a well-established supply chain, China has rapidly become the world’s largest NEV market. However, as government subsidies are gradually phased out and the market becomes the primary driving force, significant disparities in operational efficiency have emerged among automakers, necessitating a systematic analysis to identify transformation outcomes and potential bottlenecks.
This study employs a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework, integrating carry-over variables and a Range Directional Measure–Directional Distance Function (RDM DDF) model. The analysis evaluates the operational and market/ESG efficiency of 15 NEV automakers from 2020 to 2022, with Tesla included as an international benchmark. The main findings are as follows: (1) Seven automakers—including BYD and Li Auto—achieved full efficiency across all three years, serving as industry benchmarks. (2) Firms oriented toward electric vehicle production significantly outperformed traditional fuel-oriented automakers, indicating that NEV-oriented strategies contribute to efficiency gains. (3) A general decline in efficiency was observed in 2022, indicating that firms still lack the ability to maintain transformation outcomes when facing external challenges. (4) Upon the inclusion of Tesla in the analysis, most firms exhibited a marked decrease in efficiency, underscoring Tesla’s competitive advantage in operational integration and sustainability performance.
This study reveals structural differences in efficiency under the NEV transition trend and provides management and policy recommendations to support a more stable and sustainable transformation.

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