由於化石燃料的枯竭、環境問題以及朝向碳中和發展的趨勢，人們現在積極尋找大規模、乾淨和可再生的能源，確保為後代創造更好的環境。目前以鋰離子電池最具有前景，它已在日常生活中得到廣泛應用。然而，其高成本、複雜的製造過程以及安全問題帶來了重大挑戰。
鉀離子電池在大規模儲能系統中相當具有發展性,因為它們擁有多種優勢,例如在地球的地殼中含量高與其氧化還原電位接近鋰。不僅在有機或是水系電解液系統中都取得了成功。其中水系電解液因其高離子電導率、低製造成本和高安全性而引起了越來越多的關注。
雖然傳統無機電極材料可以提供出色的性能,但它們的毒性、元素蘊藏量低和不環保已成為主要問題。相較之下,有機材料具有永續、環保、可調整性結構及低毒性等特點。因此,以含有苯醌的有機小分子(HATAQ)作為水系鉀離子電池的電極材料,在0.05 A g−1的電流密度下提供了110.3 mAh g−1的高容量。高度延展共軛的π電子特性與羰基和亞胺基多個氧化還原活性點使HATAQ在放電和充電過程中保持穩定和出色性能。超分子結構進一步促進平穩表現和氧化還原可逆性。在20 A g−1的超高速率下, HATAQ在10,000次循環後維持80.3%的平穩容量保持率。這種卓越性能優於其他水系鉀離子電池材料。
為了研究HATAQ在水系鉀離子電池中的氧化還原機制,進行了多種非臨場的化學性質測試。利用傅立葉紅外光譜、拉曼光譜和X光光電子能譜來確認羰基和亞胺基是HATAQ的氧化還原活性點。透過掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察到材料形貌，也使用了粉末X光繞射儀和電子順磁共振儀測量來深入了解機制。
使用HATAQ作為負極材料,普魯士藍類似物作為正極材料組裝全電池。結果顯示出優異的循環性能，在極低的0.2 A g−1電流密度下提供了69.1 mAh g−1的容量,性能優於其他全電池材料。由於有機材料在水系鉀離子電池中的應用還不廣泛,這項研究不僅更深入地了解有機材料的氧化還原機制, 並且往大規模永續儲能系統的發展更近一步。

Because of fossil fuel depletion, environmental issues, and the trend toward carbon neutrality, people nowadays have been actively seeking large-scale, clean, and renewable energy sources to ensure a better environment for future generations. Currently, the most promising option is lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in daily life. However, their high cost, complex manufacturing, and safety concerns pose significant challenges.
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage system, as they offer several advantages, such as high abundance of potassium in the Earth's crust and its low redox potential, which is close to that of lithium leading to high cell voltage. PIBs have been shown successful in both organic and aqueous electrolyte systems. Among them, aqueous electrolytes have received increasing attention due to their merits of high ionic conductivity, low manufacturing cost, and high safety.
Although inorganic electrode materials can contribute to outstanding behavior, their toxicity, low abundance, and lack of environmental friendliness have become major concerns. Organic materials, instead, feature sustainability, environmental friendliness, tunable structures, and low toxicity. Herein, an organic small molecule, hexaazatrianthranylene (HATA) embedded quinone (HATAQ), was studied as electrode material in aqueous potassium-ion batteries (APIBs), providing a remarkably high capacity of 110.3 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1. The highly extended π-conjugation and multiple redox active sites of carbonyl and imine functional groups make HATAQ stable and excellent during discharge and charge processes. Supramolecular structure of HATAQ can further promote stability and redox reversibility in the electrolyte. At the ultrahigh rate of 20 A g−1, HATAQ possesses stable capacity retention of 80.3% over 10,000 cycles. This exceptional performance outperforms the other materials reported for APIBs.
Several ex-situ characterization techniques were conducted to study the redox mechanism of HATAQ in APIBs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to confirm carbonyl (C=O) and imine (C=N) functional groups to be the redox-active sites for HATAQ. Morphology study was further conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were carried out to gain more insight.
Full cells were also assembled by using HATAQ as the anode and Prussian blue analogue (PBA) as the cathode material. The results show excellent cycling performance with capacity of 69.1 mAh g−1 at low rate 0.2 A g−1, surpassing the performance of other materials in full cells. Since organic materials have not been widely used in APIBs, this study not only allows for a deeper understanding of organic material mechanisms, but also enables further advancements in large-scale sustainable energy storage systems.

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