摘要

脂質為一碳氫結構所組成之化合物，富含高電子含量，具有相當高之厭氧生質能源化潛力，本研究為油脂三段式生質能源化中第一段油脂好氧部分氧化程序，目的為希望以向下噴射流導流管流體化床之高氧傳與高質傳特性，進行油脂部分氧化，將油脂快速水解為長鏈脂肪酸與揮發酸為後段厭氧程序所利用，而達到提升生質能源化效率之目的。

在油脂部分氧化指標之選定上，揮發酸之含量會因長鏈脂肪酸經好氧油脂分解菌之β-氧化作用而在氧化初期有上升之趨勢，然隨即被好氧菌所利用而下降，不適合作為一油脂部分氧化指標，因此本研究以脂質水解後生成之長鏈脂肪酸含量作為判定指標；在好氧流體化床擔體選擇部分，矽藻土相較於粒狀活性碳能吸附更多之油脂，將油脂大量分散於水中而有較佳之質傳效率，此外矽藻土也有相當程度之生物附著量(34mg Biomass/g-DE)，因此本研究選定矽藻土作為好氧流體化床之添加擔體；在好氧流體化床之操作中，微生物為油脂包覆而上浮並大量洗出，槽頂亦形成高濃度油脂浮渣而無法為生物所利用，造成統無法穩定操作，目前僅於2kgCOD/m3-day之負荷下操作，油脂於進出流間之轉化率約70~90%，具有初步之油脂分解能力；而在槽中水力特性表現部分，由於Jet所提供之動力不足，槽中KLa僅為15hr-1，而Jet提供於槽中之水流速度亦不足以將擔體進行循流，導致大量擔體沉積於槽底，除造成流況不佳外，也無法有效吸附油脂，形成更多之高濃度油脂浮渣，必須針對Jet所提供之氣液體流量再加以提升；在槽中好氧菌之油脂分解活性方面，經由批次動力試驗測得油解菌分解沙拉油之比攝氧速率為0.2gO2/gVSS-day，表示好氧流體化床所培養之油解菌能在每日食微比(F/M)0.2之狀態下，有效分解油脂，也顯示所培養之好氧油解菌已具有相當程度之油脂分解性；而在好氧流體化床生態族群檢測方面，經由電子顯微鏡(SEM)觀察發現，系統中初期有大量纖維狀外型絲狀菌存在，然Jet提供之高速水流使槽中有較大之水流流速，可將沉降性不佳之微生物排除於系統外，因此後期觀測到微生物之型態有所改變；由分生檢測技術–DGGE指紋圖譜分析結果發現，系統中懸浮污泥之生物種類有逐漸減少而單純化之趨勢，推測在Jet強力水流作用下，槽中較大之水流剪力，也可能油脂之包覆，不利於生物之沉降，因而造成某些菌群遭系統淘汰洗出，此外矽藻土擔體上之菌相較為豐富，表示多種微生物附著於矽藻土上形成生物膜，也表示可能有更多種之油脂分解菌能存在於系統中將有助於油脂之生物分解，而提升好氧槽之效率。

ABSTRACT

Oil and grease(O＆G) is composed of hydrocarbon which contains high degree of electron. Due to this reason, O＆G is considered an organic matter with high potential for renewable bio-energy during the anaerobic bio-process. This study is the first aerobic partial-oxidation stage of three-stage bio-energy process for O＆G. With the high oxygen transfer and high mass transfer characteristics of Reverse Flow Jet Loop Reactor (RFJLR), the study is aimed to increase the efficiency of bio-energy recovered from O＆G by using RFJLR in aerobic partial-oxidation process to hydrolyze O＆G into Long Chain Fatty Acid (LCFA) and Volatile Acid (VA) as fast as possible. And later, this two compounds enter the second and third anaerobic bio-process to recover the energy.

In the decision of finding an index for partial-oxidation, it is found that the concentration of VA increases with the β–oxidation of LCFA in the initial stage of oxidation, but VA will be consumed by microorganism at the same time and cause the decrease in VA concentration later. According to this result, the concentration of VA is not suitable for an index of partial-oxidation of O＆G, the content of LCFA is chosen for the index of partial-oxidation. While choosing feasible adsorbent in RFJLR system, Diatomaceous Earth (DE) can adsorb more O＆G than Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) which can separate more O＆G into water and has a higher mass transfer efficiency. In addition, DE can adsorb 34mg biomass/g-DE of microorganism, meaning 70% capacity of GAC. In this research, DE was chosen as the adsorbent for RFJLR system. In the operation of RFJLR, microbes are covered by O＆G and thus become washouts in the system. In addition, scum with high O＆G concentration was formed at the top of reactor. Since Microorganisms can’t utilize the substrate directly, the system was operated under an unstable state. As the organic loading is 2kg COD/m3-day presently, and the O＆G converted rate is about 70~90%, the system is just operated under a rudimentary results of O＆G degrading so far. In the performance of hydraulic characteristic, because the power provided by jet is not strong enough, the water in the reactor can’t circulate with the draft tube entirely which disturb the oxygen transfer and mass transfer. The KLa is 15hr-1 presently and O＆G floats upward easily and results the scum with high O＆G concentration. In order to increase the efficiency of this system, the gas and liquid flow rate produced by the jet should be increased to a higher level. According to the kinetic batch test, the S.OUR for salad oil of aerobic O＆G -degrading bacteria is 0.2g O2/gVSS-day under the O＆G degrading ability of microorganism. It shows that O＆G -degrading bacteria in RFJLR system can utilize the substrate (O＆G) under F/M=0.2 successfully and microbes cultivated in RFJLR have an obvious ability to degrade O＆G. In the performance of microbial ecology in RFJLR system, as showed in the result of DGGE, the species of suspended microorganism decreases during the operational period. It’s presumed that because the jet can provide a more powerful water flow than another kind of reactor, the higher shear force is formed in the system and some bacteria are difficult to settle or be covered by oil and thus become washout in the system. On the other hand, the species on DE has more varieties than suspended microorganism. It means that many different kinds of bacteria attach on DE and form a biofilm. In addition, it also shows that there will be more kinds of naerobic O＆G -degrading bacteria staying in the system. It’s a positive effect to increase the efficiency of O＆G partial-oxidation in RFJLR system.

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