背景：隨著全球化程度的提升，文化差異在醫療保健專業人員之間創造了挑戰與機遇。由疲潰導致的全球護理人員短缺正嚴重影響著醫療保健系統。心理賦權和復原力是防止疲潰的重要緩衝因素。在理解東南亞和東亞護理師之間的賦權、復原力和疲潰差異時，跨文化方法至關重要。
目的：本研究旨在調查變數之間的關係、文化調節效應，並對東南亞和東亞醫院護理人員進行潛在剖面分析（latent profile analysis）。
方法：這是一項次級資料分析，使用了在2022年9月至11月期間從一項多國護理調查中收集的數據。該研究納入了514名註冊護理人員。參與者被分組為東亞群體（n = 159）和東南亞群體（n = 355）。心理賦權是使用12個項目的心理賦權量表（PES）進行測量的。復原力是由25個項目的Connor-Davidson復原力量表（CD-RISC）進行測量的。疲潰是由19個項目的哥本哈根疲潰量表（CBI）進行測量的。使用了描述性統計、卡方檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、皮爾森相關分析以及偏最小平方法結構方程模型（PLS-SEM）。測量不變性是透過複合模型測量不變性程序進行測試的。多群體分析被用來比較不同文化群體間的結構關係。使用了包含賦權、復原力和疲潰的標準化綜合分數的潛在剖面分析。
結果：東南亞群體的護理人員在復原力（72.16 ± 14.36 對 64.42 ± 15.66，p < 0.001）和心理賦權（4.09 ± 0.90 對 3.67 ± 0.90，p < 0.001）方面顯著高於東亞群體的護理人員。東南亞與工作相關的疲潰（42.28 ± 17.42）顯著高於東亞（36.50 ± 17.94，p < 0.001）。然而，在總體疲潰、個人疲潰或與服務對象相關的疲潰方面，並未發現具統計學意義的顯著差異。相關性分析顯示，賦權與復原力呈正相關，與疲潰呈負相關。
本研究發現心理賦權與疲潰之間存在負相關（β = -0.235，p < 0.001），且心理賦權與復原力之間存在正相關（β = 0.486，p < 0.001）。復原力與疲潰呈負相關（β = -0.156，p = 0.001）。心理賦權透過復原力對疲潰產生的間接關聯具有統計學意義（β = -0.076，p = 0.002）。多群體分析顯示，在東南亞，賦權與疲潰之間的負面關係（β = -0.329）比在東亞（β = -0.093）更強。潛在剖面分析支持一種三剖面解決方案。這些剖面被分類為適應型（低疲潰，高賦權和復原力）、適應不良型（高疲潰，低賦權和復原力）以及中間型（三個變數均為中等水平）。文化群體之間的剖面成員分佈存在顯著差異，χ2(2) 21.49，p < .001。東亞護士中適應不良型的情況比東南亞護理人員更為普遍。
結論：該研究揭示了醫院護理人員在賦權、復原力和疲潰方面，在東亞與東南亞文化群體之間存在著差異，故在降低護理人員疲潰的策略必須考量文化的差異性。

Background: As globalization enhances, cultural differences create challenges and opportunities among healthcare professionals. Global nursing shortages due to burnout are critically impacting healthcare systems. Psychological empowerment and resilience are vital buffering aspects to prevent burnout. A cross-cultural approach is crucial in understanding differences between empowerment, resilience, and burnout among Southeast and East Asian nurses.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship among variables, cultural moderating effects, and to identify the latent profile analysis of hospital nurses in Southeast and East Asia.
Methods: A secondary data analysis using data collected from a multinational nursing survey from September to November 2022. The study included 514 registered nurses. Participants were grouped into an East Asian cluster (n = 159) and a Southeast Asian cluster (n = 355). Psychological empowerment was measured using the 12-item Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES). Resilience was measured by the 25-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Burnout was measured by the 19-item Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlation analyses, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) were used. Measurement invariance was tested with the Measurement Invariance of Composite Models procedure. Multigroup analyses were used to compare structural relationships across cultural clusters. A latent profile analysis using standardized composite scores of empowerment, resilience, and burnout was used.
Results: Nurses in the Southeast Asian cluster had significantly higher resilience (72.16 ± 14.36 vs. 64.42 ± 15.66, p < 0.001) and psychological empowerment (4.09 ± 0.90 vs. 3.67 ± 0.90, p < 0.001) than those in the East Asian cluster. Work-related burnout was significantly higher in Southeast Asia (42.28 ± 17.42) than in East Asia (36.50 ± 17.94, p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant differences were found for total burnout, personal burnout, or client-related burnout. The correlation analyses showed that empowerment was positively correlated with resilience and negatively correlated with burnout.
This study found a negative association between psychological empowerment and burnout (β = - 0.235, p < 0.001) and a positive association between psychological empowerment and resilience (β = 0.486, p < 0.001). Resilience was negatively correlated with burnout (β= - 0.156, p = 0.001). Indirect association of psychological empowerment with burnout via resilience was statistically significant (β = - 0.076, p = 0.002). Multigroup analysis revealed that the negative relationship between empowerment and burnout was stronger in Southeast Asia (β = - 0.329) than in East Asia (β = - 0.093). A latent profile analysis supported a 3-profile solution. The profiles were classified as adaptive (low burnout, high empowerment and resilience), maladaptive (high burnout, low empowerment and resilience), and intermediate (moderate level of the three variables). Profile membership differed significantly between the cultural clusters, χ2(2) 21.49, p < .001. The maladaptive profile was more prevalent in East Asian than Southeast Asian nurses.
Conclusion: The study reveals that empowerment, resilience, and burnout among hospital nurses differ between East and Southeast Asian cultural clusters. Nursing strategies for decreasing burnout must take into account cultural differences.

Abdelaliem, S. M. F., & Hashish, E. A. A. (2021). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership Practices of First‐Line Nurse Managers and Nurses’ Organizational Resilience and Job Involvement: A Structural Equation Model. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(5), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12535
Ahmad, N., & Oranye, N. O. (2010). Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(5), 582–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01093.x
Alameddine, M., Bou-Karroum, K., Ghalayini, W., & Abiad, F. (2021). Resilience of nurses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(4), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.08.002
Alameddine, M., Clinton, M., Bou-Karroum, K., Richa, N., & Doumit, M. (2021). Factors Associated With the Resilience of Nurses During the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(6), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12544
Amini Rarani, S. (2026). Nursing workforce in collapse: A narrative review of global shortages, burnout, and the future of health system resilience. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 24, 100938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2025.100938
Ata, E. E., Yılmaz, E., & Bayrak, N. G. (2020). Resilience, Occupational Satisfaction, Burnout and Compassion Fatigue in Turkish Intensive Care Nurses. Kontakt, 22(3), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.32725/kont.2020.028
Behilak, S., & Abdelraof, A. S.-e. (2019). The Relationship Between Burnout and Job Satisfaction Among Psychiatric Nurses. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 10(3), 8. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n3p8
Berg, J. v. d., Alblas, A. A., Blanc, P., & Romme, A. G. L. (2021). How Structural Empowerment Boosts Organizational Resilience: A Case Study in the Dutch Home Care Industry. Organization Studies, 43(9), 1425–1451. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406211030659
Brakewood, B., & Poldrack, R. A. (2013). The ethics of secondary data analysis: considering the application of Belmont principles to the sharing of neuroimaging data. Neuroimage, 82, 671–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.040
Chang, S.-Y., Wang, S.-Z., & Lee, H.-F. (2025). The cultural difference between empowerment and job satisfaction among nurses: An umbrella review. Applied Nursing Research, 82, 151912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2025.151912
Cheng, M.-L., Tseng, Y.-H., Hodges, E., & Chou, F.-H. (2018). Lived experiences of novice male nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 29(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659616676318
Chua, R. Y., Kadirvelu, A., Yasin, S., Choudhry, F. R., & Park, M. S.-A. (2019). The cultural, family and community factors for resilience in southeast asian indigenous communities: A systematic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(7), 1750–1771. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22224
Connor, J. B. (2016). Cultural Influence on Coping Strategies of Filipino Immigrant Nurses. Workplace health & safety, 64(5), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079916630553
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Cooper, A. L., Brown, J., & Leslie, G. (2021). Nurse Resilience for Clinical Practice: An Integrative Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(6), 2623–2640. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14763
Cooper, A. L., Brown, J. A., Rees, C. S., & Leslie, G. D. (2020). Nurse resilience: A concept analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12721
Cope, V., Jones, B., & Hendricks, J. (2016). Why Nurses Chose to Remain in the Workforce: Portraits of Resilience. Collegian, 23(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2014.12.001
Daghash, H. (2022). Personal Resilience, Social Support, and Organizational Support Impact Burnout Among Nurses During COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.05.22268637
Dahl, K., Nortvedt, L., Schrøder, J., & Bjørnnes, A. K. (2022). Internationally educated nurses and resilience: A systematic literature review. International nursing review, 69(3), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12787
Dall’Ora, C., Ball, J., Reinius, M., & Griffiths, P. (2020). Burnout in Nursing: A Theoretical Review. Human Resources for Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00469-9
Dos Santos, L. M. (2020). I Am a Nursing Student but Hate Nursing: The East Asian Perspectives between Social Expectation and Social Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072608
Fan, L.-H., Huang, T., Liao, M.-Q., Xiao, N., Li, J.-Y., Luo, Q.-P., & Yi, L.-J. (2025). The effect of self-efficacy on compassion fatigue among nursing interns: The mediation of psychological resilience and social support. Medicine, 104(47). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000046029
Fekih-Romdhane, F., Harb, F., Al Banna, S., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2025). Prevalence and risk factors of burnout symptoms among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Resources for Health, 23(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-025-01012-4
Fragkos, K. C., Makrykosta, P., & Frangos, C. C. (2020). Structural Empowerment Is a Strong Predictor of Organizational Commitment in Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(4), 939–962. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14289
Gao, X., Liu, Y., & Wang, C. (2025). Cultural foundations of teacher occupational health: the impact of confucian work dynamism on burnout through grit among Chinese teachers. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 390. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02724-x
Gao, Y., Yao, W., Guo, Y., & Liao, Z. (2022). The effect of collectivism on mental health during COVID-19: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315570
Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of applied psychology, 91(6), 1225. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225
Getie, A., Ayenew, T., Amlak, B. T., Gedfew, M., Edmealem, A., & Kebede, W. M. (2025). Global prevalence and contributing factors of nurse burnout: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 596. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03266-8
Gottlieb, L. N., Gottlieb, B., & Bitzas, V. (2021). Creating Empowering Conditions for Nurses with Workplace Autonomy and Agency: How Healthcare Leaders Could Be Guided by Strengths-Based Nursing and Healthcare Leadership (SBNH-L). Journal of healthcare leadership, 169–181. https://doi.org/10.2147/JHL.S221141
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (Third edition ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hart, P. L., Brannan, J. D., & De Chesnay, M. (2014). Resilience in nurses: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(6), 720–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01485.x
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online readings in psychology and culture, 2(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations : software of the mind : intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (Revised and expanded third edition ed.). McGraw-Hill.
House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., & Hanges, P. J. (2013). Strategic Leadership across Cultures: The GLOBE Study of CEO Leadership Behavior and Effectiveness in 24 Countries. SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506374581
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage publications.
Hung, C.-L. (2024). Cultural Dimensions and Consumption Values of Cross-Border Electronic Commerce: A Canonical Analysis. Businesses, 4(4), 823–842. https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses4040045
Hung, C.-L., & Chou, J. C.-L. (2014). Examining the Cultural Moderation on the Acceptance of Mobile Commerce. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 11(02), 1450010. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219877014500102
Inglehart, R. (2020). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton university press.
Irawan, D. A. (2017). Expatriates Perceptions Toward Hofstede’s Indonesia Cultural Dimensions. Journal The Winners, 18(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.21512/tw.v18i2.3734
Jamebozorgi, M. H., Karamoozian, A., Bardsiri, T. I., & Sheikhbardsiri, H. (2022). Nurses Burnout, Resilience, and Its Association With Socio-Demographic Factors During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.803506
Jennings, B. M. (2008). Advances in Patient Safety Work Stress and Burnout Among Nurses: Role of the Work Environment and Working Conditions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
Jose, S., Dhandapani, M., & Cyriac, M. C. (2020). Burnout and Resilience Among Frontline Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Center, North India. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 24(11), 1081–1088. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23667
Juanamasta, I. G., Aungsuroch, Y., Gunawan, J., Dino, M. J., & Polsook, R. (2024). Prevalence of burnout and its determinants among Indonesian nurses: a multicentre study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 31559. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63550-6
Juanamasta, I. G., Iblasi, A. S., Aungsuroch, Y., & Yunibhand, J. (2021). Nursing Development in Indonesia: Colonialism, After Independence and Nursing act. Sage Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211051467. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608211051467
Kanter, R. (1993). Men and Women of the Corporation, 2nd edn, 1977. In: BasicBooks, New York, NY.
Kılınç, T., & Çeli̇k, A. S. s. (2020). Relationship Between the Social Support and Psychological Resilience Levels Perceived by Nurses During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Study From Turkey. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(3), 1000–1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12648
Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500297720
Kunaviktikul, W., Turale, S., Petrini, M. A., Tungpunkom, P., & Avant, K. C. (2019). Experiences from Southeast Asia on nursing education, practice, mobility and influencing policy. International nursing review, 66(4), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12556
Kyynärsalmi, A., Hammarén, M., & Kanste, O. (2025). Understanding power distance in healthcare: a scoping review. Nursing Inquiry, 32(2), e70022. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.70022
Labrague, L. J., & De los Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1653–1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2001). Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings: expanding Kanter's model. Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(5), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200105000-00006
Lee, C.-W., & Ande, T. (2023). Organizational Behavior Implication: HOFSTEDE'S Perspectives in Comparison Indonesia, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, and France. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 13(4), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.47260/amae/1346
Lee, H.-F., Hsu, H.-C., Efendi, F., Ramoo, V., & Susanti, I. A. (2023). Burnout, Resilience, and Empowerment Among COVID-19 Survivor Nurses in Indonesia. Plos One, 18(10), e0291073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291073
Lee, H.-F., Yen, M., Fetzer, S., & Chien, T. W. (2015). Predictors of Burnout Among Nurses in Taiwan. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(6), 733–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9818-4
Lee, J., Chan, L., Lin, M. F., Koto‐Shimada, K., Tsai, C. H., Tan, J., & Schofield, C. (2025). Factors Influencing Cultural Intelligence Among Nurses in Western Pacific Countries: A Cross‐Sectional Study. International nursing review, 72(4), e70129. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.70129
Lee, S. E., & Lee, J. W. (2024). Effects of hierarchical unit culture and power distance orientation on nurses’ silence behavior: the roles of perceived futility and hospital management support for patient safety. Journal of Nursing Management, 2024(1), 6564570. https://doi.org/10.1155/jonm/6564570
Lee, W.-T., Hsu, H.-C., Lee, H.-F., Efendi, F., Ramoo, V., & Hung, H.-M. (2025). Empowerment, Resilience, and Burnout Among Nurses With Recovered COVID-19: A Multicountry Study. Journal of Nursing Management, 2025(1), 6861497. https://doi.org/10.1155/jonm/6861497
Lee, Y.-L., Dai, J.-W., Li, X.-W., Chiang, M.-Y., Chen, P.-T., Lin, Y.-C., & Wang, C.-H. (2024). Prevalence and the associated factors of burnout among the critical healthcare professionals during the post-pandemic era: a multi-institutional survey in Taiwan with a systematic review of the Asian literatures. BMC public health, 24(1), 3480. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21084-6
Li, B., Juan, C., & Howard, N. (2025). Organizational Position and Structural Empowerment in Chinese Community Nursing: An Interpretive Case Study. Journal of Nursing Management, 2025(1), 3611018. https://doi.org/10.1155/jonm/3611018
Li, Q., & Cheung, D. S. T. (2025). Nurse education in Asia: A microcosm of the changing world. Nurse Education Today, 146, 106551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106551
Llorente-Alonso, M., García-Ael, C., & Topa, G. (2024). A meta-analysis of psychological empowerment: Antecedents, organizational outcomes, and moderating variables. Current Psychology, 43(2), 1759–1784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04369-8
Martin, B., Kaminski-Ozturk, N., O’Hara, C., & Smiley, R. (2023). Examining the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Burnout and Stress Among U.S. Nurses. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 14(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(23)00063-7
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach burnout inventory. Scarecrow Education.
Molina-Praena, J., Ramirez-Baena, L., Gómez‐Urquiza, J. L., Cañadas, G. R., Fuente, E. I. d. l., & Fuente, G. A. C. D. l. (2018). Levels of Burnout and Risk Factors in Medical Area Nurses: A Meta-Analytic Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122800
Monrouxe, L. V., Chandratilake, M., Chen, J., Chhabra, S., Zheng, L.-b., Costa, P., Lee, Y.-M., Karnieli‐Miller, O., Nishigori, H., Ogden, K., Pawlikowska, T., Riquelme, A., Sethi, A., Soemantri, D., Wearn, A., Wolvaardt, J. E., Yusoff, M. S. B., & Yau, S.-Y. (2022). Medical Students' and Trainees' Country-by-Gender Profiles: Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Across Sixteen Diverse Countries. Frontiers in Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.746288
Ohue, T., Aryamuang, S., Bourdeanu, L., Church, J. N., Hassan, H., Kownaklai, J., Pericak, A., & Suwannimitr, A. (2021). Cross‐national comparison of factors related to stressors, burnout and turnover among nurses in developed and developing countries. Nursing open, 8(5), 2439–2451. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1002
Ojo, A. O., Fawehinmi, O., & Yusliza, M. Y. (2021). Examining the Predictors of Resilience and Work Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 13(5), 2902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052902
Orlowska, A., & Laguna, M. (2023). Structural and Psychological Empowerment in Explaining Job Satisfaction and Burnout in Nurses: A Two-Level Investigation. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023(1), 9958842. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9958842
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological bulletin, 128(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3
Permarupan, P. Y., Mamun, A. A., Samy, N. K., Saufi, R. A., & Hayat, N. (2019). Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Nurses Burnout. The Open Nursing Journal, 13, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874434601913010201
Philip, S., Woodward-Kron, R., Manias, E., & Noronha, M. (2019). Overseas Qualified Nurses’(OQNs) perspectives and experiences of intraprofessional and nurse-patient communication through a Community of Practice lens. Collegian, 26(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2018.04.002
Rahayu, S. A., Widianto, S., Defi, I. R., & Abdulah, R. (2024). Does power distance in healthcare teams linked to patient satisfaction? A multilevel study of interprofessional care teams in a referral hospital in Indonesia. BMC health services research, 24(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-10534-3
Rees, C. S., Eley, R., Osseiran‐Moisson, R., Francis, K., Cusack, L., & Hegney, D. (2019). Individual and Environmental Determinants of Burnout Among Nurses. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 24(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1355819619840373
Romem, A., & Rozani, V. (2024). Gender-related differences in the scope of nursing practice: evidence from a cross-sectional study in geriatric healthcare settings. BMC Nursing, 23(1), 852. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02516-5
Rushton, C. H., Batcheller, J., Schroeder, K., & Donohue, P. (2015). Burnout and Resilience Among Nurses Practicing in High-Intensity Settings. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(5), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2015291
Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work. Applied Psychology, 48(1), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00047.x
See, K. C., Zhao, M. Y., Nakataki, E., Chittawatanarat, K., Fang, W.-F., Faruq, M. O., Wahjuprajitno, B., Arabi, Y. M., Wong, W. T., & Divatia, J. V. (2018). Professional burnout among physicians and nurses in Asian intensive care units: a multinational survey. Intensive care medicine, 44(12), 2079–2090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5432-1
Setyaningrum, R., Wijaya, A. R., & Subagyo, S. (2022). The Characteristics of Society in Indonesian Based on the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions: Measuring the Five Indonesian Island. International Journal of Culture and Art Studies, 6(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v6i1.8720
Setyaningrum, R. A., Wijaya, A. R., & Subagyo, S. (2018). The Comparation of Cultural Dimention Between Sulawesi, Indonesia and Philippine: A Measurement of Five Indonesian Islands. Iptek Journal of Proceedings Series, 0(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23546026.y2018i3.3715
Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-cultural research, 29(3), 240–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719502900302
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.2307/256865
Suharnomo, N. A., & Syahruramdhan, F. N. (2018). Cultural Value Differences Among Ethnic Groups in Indonesia: Are Hofstede's Indonesian Findings Still Relevant? Journal for Global Business Advancement, 11(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1504/jgba.2018.093168
Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of Culture's consequences: a three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions. Journal of applied psychology, 95(3), 405. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018938
Tsai, F.-J. J., Chen, B., Yang, H.-W. U., & Huang, S. (2024). Sustainability and Resilience in the Taiwanese Health System. C. f. A.-P. R. I. (CAPRI).
Turkson-Ocran, R.-A. N., Nkimbeng, M., Erol, D., Hwang, D. A., Aryitey, A. A., & Hughes, V. (2022). Strategies for Providing Culturally Sensitive Care to Diverse Populations. Journal of Christian Nursing, 39(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000900
Ungar, M. (2015). Resilience and Culture: The Diversity of Protective Processes and Positive Adaptation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9415-2_3
Villamin, P., Lopez, V., Thapa, D. K., & Cleary, M. (2025). Retaining a multicultural nursing workforce: a self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 10436596251318027. https://doi.org/10.1177/10436596251318027
Wang, S., Liu, Y., & Wang, L. (2015). Nurse burnout: Personal and environmental factors as predictors. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 21(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12216
Woo, T., Ho, R., Tang, A., & Tam, W. (2020). Global prevalence of burnout symptoms among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.015
Woodward, K. F. (2020). Individual Nurse Empowerment: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Forum, 55(2), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12407
Wu, C.-S., Rong, J.-R., & Huang, M.-Z. (2021). Factors associated with perceived stress of clinical practice among associate degree nursing students in Taiwan. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00602-6
Wu, L., Hong, X., Liang, Y., Yan, X., & Gong, H. (2026). Stress Coping and Psychological Resilience Development in Newly Licensed Registered Nurses During the Transition to Independent ICU Practice: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S569101
Xu, B., & Gao, Y. (2025). How does uncertainty avoidance affect employee voice behavior through the dual-path ways of work engagement and psychological security? BMC Psychology, 13(1), 281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02598-z
Yuan, C.-M., & Xu, C.-Y. (2020). Concept analysis of nurse burnout. Frontiers of Nursing, 7(3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2020-0034.
Yuliana, I., & Muzanni, M. (2023). Market Reaction to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Countries in the Asia Pacific. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 7(3), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijssb.v7i3.47315
Zakaria, N., Zakaria, N. H., Bin Abdul Rassip, M. N. A., & Lee, K. Y. (2022). Burnout and coping strategies among nurses in Malaysia: a national-level cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 12(10), e064687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064687
Zhai, X., Zhu, C. J., & Zhang, M. M. (2022). Mapping Promoting Factors and Mechanisms of Resilience for Performance Improvement: The Role of Strategic Human Resource Management Systems and Psychological Empowerment. Applied Psychology, 72(3), 915–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12411
Zhang, X., Ye, H., & Li, Y. (2018). Correlates of structural empowerment, psychological empowerment and emotional exhaustion among registered nurses: A meta-analysis. Applied Nursing Research, 42, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.04.006
Zhuang, J., Fan, X., Yang, N., Xiong, Z., Chen, Z., Pu, J., Xie, Z., Wang, H., He, B., Shen, T., & Huang, H. (2025). The effect of psychological empowerment on clinical nurses’ thriving at work: the mediating role of voice behavior. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 1018. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03403-3