研究背景：氣質（temperament）是指個體在情緒反應與自我調節上的差異，通常於生命早期已顯現，並在不同情境及時間維持相對穩定。不同的氣質特徵除與ASD兒童的情緒及行為表現有關，亦可能透過親子互動歷程，影響親職壓力。過去橫斷研究已指出特定氣質特徵與ASD兒童父母的親職壓力具有關聯，但探討ASD兒童早期氣質如何隨著時間影響親職壓力之縱貫研究仍相對有限。

研究目的：本研究旨在檢驗控制同時期發展能力與ASD症狀嚴重度後，ASD兒童早期氣質與兒童相關親職壓力之同時與長期關聯。另進一步控制基線期兒童相關親職壓力，以探討ASD兒童早期氣質對後續親職壓力水準的預測力。

研究方法：本研究採三個時間點之縱貫研究設計，以38名ASD兒童及其父母為研究對象，於基線期、6個月介入結束及12個月追蹤等三個時間點收集研究測量資料，除氣質僅於基線期測量外，三個時間點皆收集親職壓力、兒童認知發展及兒童症狀嚴重度資料。研究採階層迴歸分析，在控制同時期發展能力與兩項ASD核心症狀嚴重度下，檢驗ASD兒童早期氣質對兒童相關親職壓力之解釋效果。另進一步控制基線期親職壓力，以檢驗氣質對後續親職壓力水準之預測效果。研究之氣質向度包含負向情感（Negative Affectivity）、騰動性／外向性（Surgency/Extraversion）與主動控制（Effortful Control）。

研究結果：結果顯示，氣質可顯著解釋兒童相關親職壓力之變異量。其中，負向情感於三個時間點皆與親職壓力有穩定的正向關聯；騰動性／外向性則於6個月與12個月追蹤時，皆與較高之親職壓力顯著相關。相較之下，主動控制於各時間點皆未與親職壓力呈現關聯性。另在控制基線期親職壓力下，騰動性／外向性仍可顯著預測6 個月及 12 個月追蹤時之親職壓力水準，然負向情感則不再具備顯著預測力。在控制變項方面，基線期之發展能力為該時間點與親職壓力呈現顯著關聯的因子，而12個月追蹤期的侷限與重複行為則於該時間點成為與親職壓力顯著關聯之因子。

結論：本研究結果顯示，負向情感與騰動性／外向性等氣質向度為ASD兒童父母親職壓力的重要縱貫性預測因子。此外，不同ASD兒童特徵對親職壓力之影響可能隨發展歷程而改變。本研究強調ASD兒童早期氣質對兒童相關親職壓力具有獨立且具發展動態性的影響，凸顯了於早期療育中納入氣質觀點的重要性，以利提供更具個別化、發展敏感性及家庭中心取向之支持服務。

Temperament has been proposed as a key factor underlying heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder （ASD） and may contribute to parenting stress by shaping caregiver–child interactions. However, longitudinal evidence remains limited. This study adopted a three-wave longitudinal design with six-month intervals to examine concurrent and prospective associations between temperament and child-related parenting stress in 38 autistic children and their primary caregivers. Hierarchical regression analyses examined whether temperament dimensions predicted parenting stress beyond concurrent developmental level and ASD symptom severity at each time point. Temperament explained significant incremental variance （ΔR² = .22–.35） in parenting stress. Negative affectivity consistently predicted higher stress across all time points, whereas surgency/extraversion predicted higher stress at the 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Effortful control was not significantly associated with parenting stress. Developmental level was associated with parenting stress only at baseline, whereas restricted and repetitive behaviors predicted stress at the 12-month follow-up. These findings provide preliminary evidence that early temperament, particularly negative affectivity and surgency/extraversion, is a robust longitudinal predictor of parenting stress in autistic children. In addition, the findings suggest that the relative contribution of child characteristics to parenting stress may shift across development. They highlight the independent and developmentally dynamic contribution of temperament and underscore the importance of incorporating it into early intervention to support more targeted, developmentally sensitive, family-centered care.

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