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研究生：	曾依蕾 Tzeng, Yi-Lei
論文名稱：	柴油降解菌組合的最佳化 Optimization of Diesel-degrading Bacterial Consortium
指導教授：	黃良銘 Whang, Liang-Ming
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2005
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	117
中文關鍵詞：	生物復育、菌株、柴油
外文關鍵詞：	diesel, strain, bioremediation
相關次數：	點閱：77 下載：3
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　　近年來台灣土壤及地下水受油品污染日益嚴重，污染案例不勝枚舉，如桃園縣大溪鎮仁和里加油站油污染案、金門縣軍方輸油管破裂柴油外洩污染農田案等。油品污染一般污染途徑以地下儲油槽(Underground Storage Tanks, USTs)受腐蝕而破裂產生漏油、油管破裂、地面油品意外洩漏及廢油品任意傾倒或掩埋等。而油品污染物因洩漏進入土壤或地下水中將嚴重影響環境。以柴油污染為例，柴油主要為脂肪族及芳香族化合水性有機化合物。以往的油品污染以物化處理較多，但易造成二次污染因污染物仍停留於土壤中，且耗費金錢是其缺點。

　　此本研究由台灣幾處污染場址中，選出幾種優勢菌株作為試驗。再模擬現場使操作條件盡量接近實場狀況。以液態且好氧狀況的單純條件下，研究最適生物降解碳氫化合物的條件，試驗這四種菌株Gordonia nitia (JG39)、Comamonas testosteroni (CF3)、Serratia marcescens (CH-1)、Pseudomonas aeruginosa (RS1)的柴油降解效力，再以分生工具去監測菌種的變化。

　　得到結果歸納為下：1.單一純菌(RS1、JG39、CH-1、CF3)的比生長率數值為 0.032-0.128 hr-1，本實驗測試的四種菌株1000-2400 mg/L。2.在連續72小時內柴降解試驗結果為JG39(96%) ＞CF3(94%) ＞CH-1(85%)＞RS1(76%)，在72小時後柴油已可經生物降解，將約8000 mg/L降至500 mg/L~2000 mg/L。然而值得注意的是，72小時後柴油降解效果最佳的菌株JG39，在前24小時內降解效果反而是四株菌株中將解效果最差的。3.JG39菌株添加入原生菌中，比其他種組合生物量來的高，高達2300 mg/L。4.在72小時的培養，柴油降解百分比為〔原生菌+ CF3〕(100%)＞〔原生菌+ JG39〕(94%) ＝〔原生菌+ 四種菌株〕(94%)＞〔原生菌+ CH-1〕(69%) ＞〔原生菌+ RS1〕(67%)，得到原生菌中CF3菌株的添加與JG39的添加對降解柴油碳氫化合物效果很好，皆高於90％以上。得到結果是添加CF3與JG39於原生菌中，對柴油的降解效果，與四隻純菌同時添加於原生菌中無多大的差異，皆高達90％的柴油降解量。5.以液態半批次操作反應瓶培養，將四種菌株JG39、RS1、CH-1、CF3添加入原生菌中，時間長達約三個月，實驗以每三天添加柴油濃度為8000 mg/L操作及BH營養鹽操作，反應瓶的水力停留時間為4天或6天。35℃反應瓶內菌液生物濃度約為1000~3200 mg/L；20℃反應瓶內菌液生物濃度約為600~2800 mg/L。在30天的監測中得到柴油殘留量都低於10％，証明液相培養中的菌種與菌量。以傳統生物技術與分子生物技術探討反應瓶柴油降解菌變化，得到在35℃下CH-1菌種被淘汰，而20℃下CH-1菌種則存活；另一為從柴油降解量來做比較，CH-1菌種被淘汰並無明顯影響到柴油的降解量，也意味著CH-1的添加並非柴油降解中決定性的菌株。

　Contamination caused by petroleum hydrocarbon has caused critical environmental and health effects. During accidental spills, actions can be taken to immediately remove the pollutants and recover the contaminated site, but in areas located with storage tanks, the spills due to leakage may be small but continuous and prolonged (Rahman, et al., 2002). The most popular technologies up to date include physical techniques, chemical techniques, and bioremediation such as bioaugmentation. Bioaugmentation such as the reintroduction of enriched indigenous microorganisms isolated from contaminated sites found helpful to overcome the problem of toxicity, which reduces efficiency of biodegradation (Mishira, et al., 2001).
The study of diesel-degrading bacterial consortium was used several bacterial strains, Gordinia alkanvorans (JG39), Comamonas testosterone (CF3), Serratia marcescens (CH-1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (RS1) isolated from different contaminated sites. In the single-strain diesel degradation test, the specific growth rates μ of single-strain(RS1、JG39、CH-1、CF3) were between 0.032-0.128 hr-1, when the microbial concentrate was 1000-2400 mg/L. After 72 hour, the diesel-degrading percentage was JG39(96%) ＞CF3(94%) ＞CH-1(85%)＞RS1(76%). The microorganism can degrade diesel from 8000 to 500~2000 mg/L.

　In the addition of diesel-degrading isolates to indigenous bacteria test, the highest microbial concentration of the consortium with the addition JG39 achieved 2300 mg/L, more than any other consortium in the test. After 72 hour, the diesel degradation was 〔M+ CF3〕(100%)＞〔M+ JG39〕(94%) ＝〔M+ 4 strain〕(94%)＞〔M+ CH-1〕(69%) ＞〔M+ RS1〕(67%). The diesel degradation of the consortium with the addition of CF3 or JG39 achieved more than 90 ％, which was more than any other consortium. RS1 attained the highest Qmax1/X（0.46 TPHd mg/VSS mg．h ）among all of the bacterial consortium.

　In the population dynamic of diesel-degrading bacterial in the long-term test, the semi-batch cultivation was conducted in the flasks at 20 ＆ 35℃. The microbial concentration at 35℃ was 1000~3200 mg/L with the average of 2200 mg/L. The microbial concentration at 20℃ was 600~2800 mg/L with the average of 1800 mg/L. Within a month, the remaining diesel was lower than 20％. It means the bacteria amount was sufficient in completely degrading the diesel in the flasks. After the 3-month diesel cultivation, CF3 and JG39 were both survived at 20℃ and 35℃. However CH-1 was only survived at 20℃ but disappeared at 35℃.

總目錄
誌謝…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
總目錄………………………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
表目錄………………………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………Ⅷ
第一章 前言	1
第二章 文獻回顧	3
2.1 台灣石化產業與汙染概況	3
2.2 柴油的組成與特性	6
2.2.1 柴油之化合物	6
2.2.2 柴油之物理化學特性	10
2.2.3 柴油之毒性	12
2.3 柴油的生物降解路徑	13
2.3.1 脂肪族碳氫化合物之生物代謝途徑	13
2.3.2 芳香烃族碳氫化合物之生物代謝途徑	18
2.4 柴油污染土壤與水體中常見微生物	20
2.4.1 微生物種類	20
2.4.2 在柴油中微生物之常見生物現象	24
2.5 影響生物復育之因子	24
2.5.1 氧氣	25
2.5.2 溫度	25
2.5.3 pH 與鹼度	25
2.5.4 氧化還原電位	26
2.5.5 電子接受者	26
2.5.6 中間產物及最終產物	26
2.5.7 土壤含水量	26
2.5.8 有機物含量	26
2.5.9 其他微生物之生長情形	27
2.6 土壤污染生物復育技術	27
2.6.1 土耕法 (land farming)	27
2.6.2 堆肥法(composting)	29
2.6.3 生物堆法(biopile)	31
2.6.4 泥漿相處理	32
2.6.5 透水性反應牆(permeable reactive barrier, PRB)	34
2.6.6 自然生物處理法(intrinsic bioremediation)	34
2.6.7 生物通氣法(bioventing)	35
2.6.8 生物漱洗法(bioslurping)	36
第三章 實驗設備與方法	37
3.1 柴油降解微生物反應瓶之實驗概念	37
3.2 實驗菌種來源	39
3.3 水質分析項目與使用儀器	42
3.3.1 一般水質分析測項	42
3.3.2使用的分析儀器	48
3.4 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY, SEM)	49
3.5 分子生物技術	51
3.5.1 DNA 萃取	52
3.5.2 聚合酵素連鎖反應 (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR)	53
3.5.3變性梯度明膠電泳法DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) (Riesner et al., 1989)	55
3.5.4 生物晶片 (Microarray)	57
第四章 結果與討論	59
4.1 柴油降解菌的動力試驗	59
4.1.1 單一柴油碳氫化合物降解菌的動力試驗 ( JG39、RS1、CF3、CH-1)	59
4.1.2 添加優勢菌種進入原生菌的試驗	70
4.1.3 總比較	80
4.2 在長期培養中柴油降解菌群變化	87
4.2.3 以分子生物方法探討反應瓶長期柴油降解菌群變化	95
4.2.4 以傳統生物方法探討長期反應瓶柴油降解菌變化	99
第五章 結論與建議	101
第六章 參考文獻	105

表目錄 
TABLE 2.1 THE HISTORY OF PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN(PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF TAIWAN, WWW.PIAT.ORG.TW)	4
TABLE 2.2 ANALYSIS OF FUEL OIL ( DERIVED FROM IARC 1989；PROVIDED BY THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE )	8
TABLE 2.3 THE COMPOSITION OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON OF DIESEL.	9
TABLE 2.4 THE COMPOSITION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBON OF DIESEL.	10
TABLE 2.5 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIESEL (PROVIDES：ATSDR)	11
TABLE 2.6 ATSDR TPH FRACTIONS AND REPRESENTATIVE COMPOUNDS (PROVIDES：ATSDR WEB, 2005).	13
TABLE 2.7 GENERA OF HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING BACTERIA.	22
TABLE 2.8 GENERA OF ORGANISM-DEGRADING BACTERIA.	23
TABLE 2.9 BETTER OPERATING CONDITIONS OF LAND FARMING (工廠土壤及地下水污染整治技術手冊)	29
TABLE 3.1 THE COMPOSITION OF NUTRIENT	38
TABLE 3.2 SOURCE OF PURE BACTERIA	39
TABLE 3.3 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL OF FOUR BACTERIA(CF3, JG39, RS1, CH-1).	40
TABLE 3.4 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL OF FOUR BACTERIA(CF3, JG39, RS1, CH-1).	41
TABLE3.5 PARAMETERS OF CALIBRATION CURVE	45
TABLE 3.6 METHODOLOGIES AND INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS.	49
TABLE 3.7 CONCENTRATION OF ETHANOL AND TIME REQUIREMENT FOR DEHYDRATION.	50
TABLE 3.8 OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRIMERS USED FOR AMPLIFICATION AND SEQUENCING OF RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES.	54
TABLE 3.9 CONDITIONS OF VARIOUS PRIMERS USED IN PCR.	54
TABLE 3.10 THE PARAMETER OF PCR.	54
TABLE 3.11 STOCK COMPOSE OF DENATURAL SOLUTION.	56
TABLE 3.12 DENATURAL SOLUTION CONCENTRATION USING 0% AND 70% STOCK CONCENTRATION.	56
TABLE 3.13 DGGE GEL COMPOSE OF DENATURAL SOLUTION, 10% APS AND TEMED.	56
TABLE 4.1 THE DO OF THESE CONSORTIUM (M, JG39, RS1, CH-1, CF3).	62
TABLE 4.2 THE PH OF THESE CONSORTIUM (M, JG39, RS1, CH-1, CF3).	62
TABLE 4.3 DIESEL DEGRADATION RATE OF 4 STRAINS	64
TABLE 4.4 THE DO OF THESE CONSORTIUM (M+JG39, M+RS1, M+CH-1, M+CF3).	73
TABLE 4.5 THE PH OF THESE CONSORTIUM (M+JG39, M+RS1, M+CH-1, M+CF3).	73
TABLE 4.6 EMULSION INDEX TEST WITH THE FOUR SINGLE BACTERIAL STRAINS CULTURED WITH LB MEDIUM	84
TABLE 4.7 EMULSION INDEX TEST WITH＆WITHOUT RS1 IN DIESEL-DEGRADATING TEST.	84
TABLE 4.8 DIESEL DEGRADATION RATE ＆ BIOMASS INCREASING DURING THE 72 HRS	86
TABLE 4.9 THE TD OF BATCH TEST.	88
TABLE 4.10 THE HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME IN OPERATION.	88
TABLE 4.11 PLATE COUNT	100

圖目錄
FIG 2.1 DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SPREAD OF A HYDROCARBON LEAK TO THE WATER (BOSSERT AND BARTHA, 1984).	5
FIG 2.2 THE CONTENT OF DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL (石油產品及其應用, 1996).	6
FIG 2.3 THE COMPOSITION OF DIESEL	7
FIG 2.4 STRUCTURES OF PRINCIPAL THE COMPOSITION DIESEL HYDROCARBONS (FRANCIS H. CHAPELLE ED, 2001).(1)	14
FIG 2.4 STRUCTURES OF PRINCIPAL THE COMPOSITION DIESEL HYDROCARBONS (FRANCIS H. CHAPELLE ED, 2001).(2)	15
FIG 2.5 BASIC METABOLIC PATHWAY INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF N-ALKANES (DERVIDE FROM COLIN RATLEDGE, 1993).	16
FIG 2.6 METABOLIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE DEGRADATION OF THE ISOPRENOID ALKANE PRISTINE (DERVIDE FROM COLIN RATLEDGE, 1993).	17
FIG 2.7 THE BIODEGRADATIVE ROUTES OF BENZENE. (I) META-CLEAVAGE ROUTE. (II) ORTHO-CLEAVAGE ROUTE（SMITH ,1990., DERVIDE FROM COLIN RATLEDGE, 1993）.	19
FIG 2.8 TYPICAL LANDFARMING OPERATION (工廠土壤及地下水污染整治技術手冊)	28
FIG 2.9 TYPICAL COMPOSTING SYSTEM. (A) STATICPILES (B) WINDROWS (C)  ENCLOSED REACTOR SYSTEM	30
FIG 2.10 TYPICAL BIOPILE SYSTEM	31
FIG 2.11 EIMCO BIOLIFT TM SLURRY-PHASE BIOREACTOR	32
FIG 2.12 IN SITU LAGOON TREATMENT	33
FIG 2.13 TYPICAL PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIER	34
FIG 2.14 TYPICAL BIOVENTING SYSTEM	35
FIG 2.15 TYPICAL SINGLE-PUMP DPE SYSTEM	36
FIG 3.1 THE CONCEPT OF EXPERIMENTAL BATCH IN THE AQUEOUS.	37
FIG 3.2 THE PICTURE OF CULTURE BACTERIA IN THE THERMOSTATIC CHAMBER.	38
FIG 3.3 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRON DONOR FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND SYNTHESIS (RITTMANN, B. E. AND C. MCCARTY, 2001).	42
FIG 3.4 DIAGRAM SEM OPERATING STEP.	51
FIG 4.1  VARIATION OF DIFFERENT SINGLE BACTERIA ON THE MICROORGANISM GROWING. FOUR OF ISOLATED BACTERIA ARE RS1、CH-1、CF3、JG39.	60
FIG 4.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SINGLE BACTERIA ON THE DIESEL DEGRADATION	63
FIG 4.3 (A)3D GC-FID (B) 2D GC-FID SCANS OF JG39 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	65
FIG 4.4 GC-FID SCANS OF RS1 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	66
FIG 4.5 GC-FID SCANS OF CH-1 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	67
FIG 4.6 GC-FID SCANS OF CF3 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	68
FIG 4.7 GC-FID SCANS OF M DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	69
FIG 4.8 VARIATION OF MIXTURE BACTERIA ON THE MICROORGANISM GROWING	70
FIG 4.9 DIESEL DEGRADATION OF DIFFERENT SINGLE BACTERIAL STRAIN MIXING WITH INDIGENOUS BACTERIA.	75
FIG 4.10 GC-FID SCANS OF M+JG39 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	76
FIG 4.11 GC-FID SCANS OF M+RS1 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	77
FIG 4.12 GC-FID SCANS OF M+CF3 DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	78
FIG 4.13 GC-FID SCANS OF M+4 STRAINS DIESEL DEGRADATION THROUGH THE 72 HOURS.	79
FIG 4.14 DIESEL DEGRADATION OF BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM WITH＆WITHOUT JG39	81
FIG4.15 DIESEL DEGRADATION OF BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM WITH＆WITHOUT RS1	82
FIG4.16 DIESEL DEGRADATION OF BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM WITH＆WITHOUT CF3	82
FIG 4.17 GROWTH PROFILE OF THE MIXED CULTURENRICHED BY DIESEL WHEN DIESEL WAS USED AS THE SOLE CARBON SOURCE.	90
FIG 4.18 CHANGES OF CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF O2.	93
FIG 4.19 CHANGES OF CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF PH.	93
FIG 4.20 THE VARIATION FOR THE REMAINING TPH-D WITH TIME COURSE IN THE TESTS.	93
FIG 4.21 CHANGES OF CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF NH4+-N.	94
FIG 4.22 CHANGES OF CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF NO3--N.	94
FIG 4.23 CHANGES OF CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF NO2--N.	94
FIG. 4.24 AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF PCR PRODUCTS AMPLIFIED BY 968F-GC & 1392R PRIMERS. M:MARK. 60℃, B:BLANK. 60℃ , A1: JG39 60℃, A2:JG39 58℃, A3:RS1 60℃, A4:CF3 60℃, A5:CH-1 60℃	97
FIG. 4.25 AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF PCR PRODUCTS AMPLIFIED BY 968F-GC & 1392R PRIMERS. M:MARK. 60℃, B:BLANK. 60℃ , B1~B7: IN 35℃ FLASK, 0 3 12 21 42 66 91 DAY, 60℃; B8~B14: IN 20℃ FLASK, 0 3 12 21 42 66 91 DAY, 60℃	97
FIG. 4.26 MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURES OF DOMAIN BACTERIA ANALYZED USING THE DGGE FINGERPRINTING OF 16S RDNA (968-1392) FRAGMENTS AFTER PCR AMPLIFICATION OF TOTAL DNA FROM FLASK. THE GRADIENT CONCENTRATION OF THE DENATURANT WAS 40-60%.	98
FIG 4.27 THE PICTURE OF PLATE COUNT IN 3 DAY AND 21 DAY	100
                                    

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