背景
世界衛生組織報告稱，大約 80% 的老年人患有至少一種慢性病，50% 患有兩種或兩種以上慢性病（世界衛生組織，2022 年）。篩檢老年人的 IC 對於識別功能衰退的風險以及進行早期幹預以維持老年人的獨立性和健康至關重要 (González-Bautista et al., 2021)。由於社區缺乏保健護士，社區健康志工（CHV）在使用世界衛生組織老年人綜合護理（ICOPE）框架來篩選老年人健康問題方面發揮著寶貴的作用。
目標
本研究旨在確定透過授權 CHV 實施 ICOPE 在社區老年人 IC 篩檢的可行性。具體來說，該研究希望確定 CHV 培訓後的知識和技能的提高情況、篩檢 IC 和做出正確決策的依從性、準確性和效率，以及使用 ICOPE 框架篩選老年人 IC 後的滿意度。
研究方法
可行性研究是透過實施 Donabedian 評估模型進行的。 120 名 CHV 參與了此項篩檢老年人內在能力 (IC) 的研究。開展了培訓課程，使 CHV 掌握執行基於 ICOPE 的篩檢所需的技能和知識。我們進行了培訓前和培訓後的評估，以評估 CHV 的能力。篩檢會議在社區中心舉行，老年人在受過訓練的 CHV 的協助下參加 ICOPE 篩檢。使用問捲和觀察清單來收集資料。使用描述性和相關性統計進行分析。
 
結果
本研究的社區志工（CHV）特徵顯示，平均年齡為53.12歲（標準差=9.15），年齡範圍為36至82歲。女性佔比最高（97.5%），其中家庭主婦佔比最高（77.5%）。教育程度方面，大多數社區志工（66.7%）完成了中學教育。社區志工平均參加1.84次認證訓練（標準差=0.84），志工服務年資平均為6.49年（標準差=3.69）。研究結果顯示，社區志工訓練後的得分（平均值為89.05，標準差=10.91）較訓練前（平均值為74.76，標準差=14.81）顯著增加。篩檢過程中依從性平均得分為90.53（SD=4.84），準確率平均得分為81.18（SD=4.22），平均完成篩檢時間為21.35 分鐘(SD=5.31)。社區志工在六個領域決策正確的總體平均百分比為88.23（SD=9.25），眾數為100。此外，社區志工滿意度整體平均得分為3.36（SD=0.21），顯示滿意度普遍較高。相關性分析顯示，只有少數變數有統計顯著關係，年齡與社區志工篩檢準確率呈顯著負相關（r=-0.184，p=0.044），知識技能與社區志工篩檢準確率呈顯著正相關（r=0.206，p=0.024）。此外，依從性與正確決策有顯著正相關（r = 0.329，p < 0.001），準確度與正確決策也顯著正相關（r = 0.321，p < 0.001）。其他變數之間無統計顯著相關性。
結論
研究得出結論，透過結構化培訓增強社區健康志工 (CHV) 的能力，可以有效提高他們在老年人中進行內在能力 (IC) 篩檢的知識、技能和表現。 CHV 表現出高度的依從性、準確性、時間效率以及在所有 IC 領域中做出正確決策的能力。大多數人對篩檢方法表示非常滿意。研究結果支持將老年篩檢任務轉移到社區環境中經過培訓的 CHV 的可行性，並強調了這種方法在加強印尼老年人初級衛生保健服務方面的潛力。

Background
The World Health Organization reports that approximately 80% of older adults have at least one chronic condition, and 50% have two or more (World Health Organization, 2022). Screening the older adults’ Intrinsic Capacity (IC) is crucial to identify the risk of functional decline and enable early interventions to maintain older adults' independence and well-being (González-Bautista et al., 2021). The lack of professional nurses in the community makes the Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) play a valuable role in screening older adults’ health problems using the WHO Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) framework.
Aims
This study aims to determine the feasibility of implementing ICOPE in screening the IC of community-dwelling older adults by empowering CHVs. Specifically, the study wants to identify the CHVs’ knowledge and skills improvement after training, adherence, accuracy, and efficiency in screening IC and making proper decisions, and satisfaction after screening older adults’ IC using the ICOPE framework.
Methods
The feasibility study was conducted by implementing the Donabedian evaluation model. 120 CHVs were involved in the study to perform the IC screen in older adults. Training sessions were conducted to equip CHVs with the necessary skills and knowledge to perform ICOPE-based screenings. Pre- and post-training assessments were administered to evaluate CHVs' competency. Screening sessions were conducted in community center settings, with older adults participating in ICOPE screenings facilitated by trained CHVs. A questionnaire and an observation checklist were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using descriptive and correlation statistics.
Results
The characteristics of the CHVs involved in the study showed that the average age was 53.12 years (SD = 9.15), with an age range of 36 to 82 years. Most CHVs were female (97.5%), and the majority of them were housewives (77.5%). In terms of education, most CHVs had completed secondary education (66.7%). On average, CHVs had participated in 1.84 certified training sessions (SD=0.84) and had served as volunteers for an average of 6.49 years (SD=3.69). The study results showed that CHVs’ post-training scores (Mean=89.05, SD=10.91) significantly increased compared to their pre-training scores (Mean=74.76, SD=14.81). The mean adherence score during the screening process was 90.53 (SD=4.84), while the mean accuracy score was 81.18 (SD=4.22). The average time to complete the screening was 21.35 minutes (SD=5.31). The overall mean percentage in CHVs’ proper decision-making for all six domains was 88.23 (SD=9.25), with a mode of 100. In addition, the overall mean of CHVs’ satisfaction score was 3.36 (SD=0.21), indicating a generally high level of satisfaction. Based on the correlation analysis, only a few variables demonstrated statistically significant relationships. A significant negative correlation was found between age and CHVs' screening accuracy (r=-0.184, p=0.044), while a significant positive correlation was observed between knowledge and skills and CHVs' accuracy in screening intrinsic capacity (r=0.206, p=0.024). Additionally, adherence was significantly correlated with proper decision-making (r=0.329, p<0.001), as was accuracy with proper decision-making (r=0.321, p<0.001). Other variables showed no statistically significant correlations.
 
Conclusion
The study concluded that empowering CHVs through structured training effectively enhanced their knowledge, skills, and performance in conducting IC screenings among older adults. CHVs demonstrated high adherence, accuracy, time efficiency, and the ability to make proper decisions across all IC domains. The majority expressed high satisfaction with the screening method. The findings support the feasibility of task-shifting geriatric screening to trained CHVs in community settings and highlight the potential of this approach to strengthen primary healthcare services for older adults in Indonesia.

Akintola, O., & Chikoko, G. (2016). Factors influencing motivation and job satisfaction among supervisors of community health workers in marginalized communities in South Africa. Human Resources for Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-016-0151-6
Ali, M. N., & Ahmad, A. (2020). The role of home care Community Health Volunteers (CHV) in Malaysia. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly And Disabled, 10, 54–60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343205959
Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2025). Dementia statistics Numbers of people with dementia.
Amieva, H., Ouvrard, C., Giulioli, C., Meillon, C., Rullier, L., & Dartigues, J. F. (2015). Self-reported hearing loss, hearing AIDS, and cognitive decline in elderly adults: A 25-year study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(10), 2099–2104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13649
Atibioke, O. P., Adepoju-Olajuwon, F., Ojomo, O. A., Oladeji, A. O., Oripeloye, O. B., Osinowo, K. A., Ajuwon, A. J., & Ladipo, O. A. (2022). Knowledge, attitude and adherence to COVID-19 prevention among community health workers in Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 42. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2022.42.307.30791
Ayanian, J. Z., & Markel, H. (2016). Donabedian’s Lasting Framework for Health Care Quality. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(3), 205–207. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1605101
Banerjee, A., Nikumb, V., & Thakur, R. (2013). Health Problems Among the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 3(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.109466
Banerjee, A., & Sadana, R. (2021). Integrated Care For Older People (ICOPE): From Guidelines To Demonstrating Feasibility. In Journal of Frailty and Aging (Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 84–85). Serdi-Editions. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2020.40
Banowati, L. (2020). Hubungan Karakteristik Kader dengan Kehadiran dalam Pengelolaan Posyandu (Correlation of Cadre Characteristics and Attendance in Posyandu Management).
Barrett, E., Gillespie, P., Newell, J., & Casey, D. (2018). Feasibility of a physical activity programme embedded into the daily lives of older adults living in nursing homes: Protocol for a randomised controlled pilot feasibility study. Trials, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2848-4
Bashyal, L. K. (2023). Payment and Motivation: Female Community Health Volunteers in Nepal. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v17i01.61143
Basrowi, R. W., Rahayu, E. M., Khoe, L. C., Wasito, E., & Sundjaya, T. (2021). The road to healthy ageing: What has indonesia achieved so far? In Nutrients (Vol. 13, Issue 10). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103441
Bergman, Y. S. (2022). Ageism and Psychological Distress in Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem and Body Image. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 41(3), 836–841. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648211009658
Besora-Moreno, M., Llauradó, E., Tarro, L., & Solà, R. (2020). Social and Economic Factors and Malnutrition or the Risk of Malnutrition in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrient, 12, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030737
Boucher, N. A., Shepherd-Banigan, M., McKenna, K., Delgado, R. E., Peacock, K., Van Houtven, C. H., Van Noord, M., & Sperber, N. R. (2021). Inclusion of Caregivers in Veterans’ Care: A Critical Literature Review. In Medical Care Research and Review (Vol. 78, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558720944283
Brennan, D. (2021). Older Adults: Health Issues and Tips to Prevent Them. Compass. https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/health-issues-in-older-adults
Cakmur, H. (2023). Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment of Elderly Adults. OBM Geriatrics, 07(03), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.geriatr.2303245
Cederbom, S., Leveille, S. G., & Bergland, A. (2019). Effects of a behavioral medicine intervention on pain, health, and behavior among community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Intervention in Aging, 14, 12071220. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S208102
Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2022. www.freepik.com
Cesari, M., Azzolino, D., LeBrasseur, N. K., Whitson, H., Rooks, D., Sourdet, S., Angioni, D., Fielding, R. A., Vellas, B., Rolland, Y., Andrieu, S., Leheudre, M. A., Barcons, N., Beliën, A., de Souto Barreto, P., Delannoy, C., John, G., Robledo, L. M. G., Hwee, D., … Waters, D. L. (2022). Resilience: Biological Basis and Clinical Significance — A Perspective Report from the International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research (ICFSR) Task Force. Journal of Frailty and Aging, 11(4), 342–347. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2022.62
Chang, S. F., & Lin, P. L. (2016). Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association of Sarcopenia With Mortality. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12147
Charan, J., & Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? In Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine (Vol. 35, Issue 2, pp. 121–126). https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116232
Chatterji, S., Byles, J., Cutler, D., Seeman, T., & Verdes, E. (2015). Health, functioning, and disability in older adults - Present status and future implications. In The Lancet (Vol. 385, Issue 9967, pp. 563–575). Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61462-8
Cheng, Y. C., Kuo, Y. C., Chang, P. C., Li, Y. C., Huang, W. T., Chen, W., & Chou, C. Y. (2021). Geriatric functional impairment using the integrated care for older people (ICOPE) approach in community-dwelling elderly and its association with Dyslipidemia. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 17, 389–394. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S305490
Chhetri, J. K., Harwood, R. H., Ma, L., Michel, J. P., & Chan, P. (2022). Intrinsic capacity and healthy ageing. Age and Ageing, 51(11). https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac239
Choi, J.-Y., Rajaguru, V., Shin, J., & Kim, K. (2023). Comprehensive geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary team interventions for hospitalized older adults: A scoping review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 104, 104831. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104831
Colón-Emeric, C. S. (2013). Functional Decline in Older Adults. In Am Fam Physician (Vol. 88, Issue 6).
Communications and Public Services Bureau of the Ministry of Health. (2018). Jumlah lansia sehat harus meningkat (The number of healthy older people must increase. Kominfo Kementerian Kesehatan. https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/13193/jumlah-lansia-sehat-harus-meningkat/0/artikel_gpr
Cvecka, J., Tirpakova, V., Sedliak, M., Kern, H., Mayr, W., & Hamar, D. (2015). Physical activity in elderly. In Eur J Transl Myol-Basic Appl Myol (Vol. 25, Issue 4).
D’Ambruoso, L., Abruquah, N. A., Mabetha, D., van der Merwe, M., Goosen, G., Sigudla, J., & Witter, S. (2023). Expanding Community Health Worker decision space: learning from a Participatory Action Research training intervention in a rural South African district. Human Resources for Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-023-00853-1
De Rosis, S. (2024). Performance measurement and user-centeredness in the healthcare sector: Opening the black box adapting the framework of Donabedian. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 39(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3732
Denadai, R., & Lo, L. J. (2021). Adapting Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome triad for quality improvement activities in surgical cleft-craniofacial care. In Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (Vol. 74, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.073
DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale Development Theory and Applications: Vol. Fourth Edition.
Development Bank, A., Demografi Faculty of Economics, L., & Universitas Indonesia, B. (2024). Indonesia Longitudinal Aging Survey 2023 Asian Development Bank.
Donabedian. (2018). Quality, Service Improvement and Redesign Tools: A model for measuring quality care. ACT Academy.
Donabedian, A. (2005a). Evaluating the quality of medical care. In Milbank Quarterly (Vol. 83, Issue 4, pp. 691–729). Blackwell Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00397.x
Donabedian, A. (2005b). Evaluating the quality of medical care. In Milbank Quarterly (Vol. 83, Issue 4, pp. 691–729). Blackwell Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00397.x
Donald Berwick, & Daniel M. Fox. (2016). “Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care”: Donabedian’s Classic Article 50 Years Later. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12189
ESCAP Social Development Division, U. N. (2017). Introduction Ageing in the Asian and Pacific Region: an overview trends in population ageing.
Eubank, J. M., Oberlin, D. J., Alto, A., Sahyoun, N. R., Asongwed, E., Monroe-Lord, L., & Harrison, E. A. (2022). Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Cognition in Minority Population of Older Adults: A Review. In Frontiers in Nutrition (Vol. 9). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.841070
Europäische Kommission Statistisches Amt. (2020). Ageing Europe looking at the lives of older people in the EU.
Falotico, R., & Quatto, P. (2015). Fleiss’ kappa statistic without paradoxes. Quality and Quantity, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0003-1
Feldhaus, I., Silverman, M., Lefevre, A. E., Mpembeni, R., Mosha, I., Chitama, D., Mohan, D., Chebet, J. J., Urassa, D., Kilewo, C., Plotkin, M., Besana, G., Semu, H., Baqui, A. H., Winch, P. J., Killewo, J., & George, A. S. (2015). Equally able, but unequally accepted: Gender differentials and experiences of community health volunteers promoting maternal, newborn, and child health in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0201-z
Fleg, J. L., & Forman, D. E. (2022). Aging Changes in Cardiovascular Structure and Function. In Handbook of Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine (pp. 127–162). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85960-6_6
Gayle, T., Lourdes, R., Shakira, W., Hasani, R., Fadhli, M., Yusoff, M., Akmal, H., Hamid, A., Rifin, H. M., Ismail, H., Saminathan, T. A., Ling, J., Yn, M., Liana, N., Majid, A., Riyadzi, M. R., Ahmad, A., & Ramly, R. (2021). Training is an Important Factor for Community Health Workers in Performing KOSPEN Health Screening Activities in Malaysia: Community Health Workers (KOSPEN) 2016. International Journal of Public Health Research, 11(2), 1439–1447.
Gaziano, T., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Surka, S., Sy, S., Pandya, A., Denman, C. A., Mendoza, C., & Puoane, T. (2015). Cardiovascular disease screening by community health workers can be cost-effective in low- resource countries. Health Affairs, 34(9), 1538–1545. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0349
Gilmartin, H. M., Langner, P., Gokhale, M., Osatuke, K., Hasselbeck, R., & Battaglia, C. (2018). Does nurse job satisfaction influence adherence to the central line insertion checklist and central line–associated bloodstream infections in the Veterans Health Administration? American Journal of Infection Control, 46(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.10.023
Glenton, C., Javadi, D., & Perry, H. B. (2021). Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 5. Roles and tasks. In Health Research Policy and Systems (Vol. 19). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00748-4
Goehner, A., Kricheldorff, C., & Bitzer, E. M. (2019). Trained volunteers to support chronically ill, multimorbid elderly between hospital and domesticity - A systematic review of one-on-one-intervention types, effects, and underlying training concepts. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1130-2
González-Bautista, E., De Souto Barreto, P., Virecoulon Giudici, K., Andrieu, S., Rolland, Y., & Vellas, B. (2021a). Frequency of Conditions Associated with Declines in Intrinsic Capacity According to a Screening Tool in the Context of Integrated Care for Older People. Journal of Frailty and Aging, 10(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2020.42
González-Bautista, E., De Souto Barreto, P., Virecoulon Giudici, K., Andrieu, S., Rolland, Y., & Vellas, B. (2021b). Frequency of Conditions Associated with Declines in Intrinsic Capacity According to a Screening Tool in the Context of Integrated Care for Older People. Journal of Frailty and Aging, 10(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2020.42
Grant, M., Wilford, A., Haskins, L., Phakathi, S., Mntambo, N., & Horwood, C. M. (2017). Trust of community health workers influences the acceptance of community-based maternal and child health services. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1281
Gupta, D., Verma, S., Pun, S. C., & Steingart, R. M. (2015). The changes in cardiac physiology with aging and the implications for the treating oncologist. In Journal of Geriatric Oncology (Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 178–184). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2015.02.004
Hao, X., Yang, Y., Gao, X., & Dai, T. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of the health management program for the elderly on health-related quality of life among elderly people in China: Findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010113
Harahap, A. (2021). Posyandu Elderly As An Alternative Health Care Program. International Journal of Community Service, 1(3), 365–369. https://ijcsnet.id/
Hartini, T., Suryati, S., Nurhasanah, A., Keperawatan, N. J., Kemenkes, P., & Iii, J. (2021). Perbedaan Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Keterampilan Kader Lansia dalam Merawat Lansia Hipertensi Sebelum dan Sesudah Pelatihan (Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills of Elderly Cadres in Caring for Hypertensive Elderly Before and After Training). JKEP, 6(1).
Heft, M. W., & Robinson, M. E. (2014). Age differences in suprathreshold sensory function. Age, 36(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9536-9
Hossain, M. Z., Stores, R., Hakak, Y., & Dewey, A. (2020). Traditional Gender Roles and Effects of Dementia Caregiving within a South Asian Ethnic Group in England. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 48(5–6), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506363
Howell, B. M., Seater, M., Davis, K., & McLinden, D. (2022). Determining the importance and feasibility of various aspects of healthy ageing among older adults using concept mapping. Ageing and Society, 42(6), 1403–1421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20001580
Hudakova, A., & Hornakova, A. (2011). Mobility and quality of life in elderly and geriatric patients. International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 3(7), 81–85.
Indarwati, & Maryatun. (2017). Pemberdayaan Kader Posyandu dalam Pengelolaan Posyandu Lansia Aktif di Desa Jetis Sukoharjo. Warta LPM, 20(1).
Jansen-Kosterink, S., Van Velsen, L., Frazer, S., Dekker-Van Weering, M., O’Caoimh, R., & Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. (2019). Identification of community-dwelling older adults at risk of frailty using the PERSSILAA screening pathway: A methodological guide and results of a large-scale deployment in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6876-0
Jarhyan, P., Hutchinson, A., Khatkar, R., Kondal, D., Botti, M., & Prabhakaran, D. (2021). Diagnostic accuracy of a two-stage sequential screening strategy implemented by community health workers (Chws) to identify individuals with copd in rural India. International Journal of COPD, 16. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S293577
Jiang, N. (2022). Formal volunteering and depressive symptoms among Community-Dwelling older adults in China: A longitudinal cross-level analysis. Health and Social Care in the Community, 30(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13995
Jiang, X., Chen, F., Yang, X., Yang, M., Zhang, X., Ma, X., & Yan, P. (2023a). Effects of personal and health characteristics on the intrinsic capacity of older adults in the community: a cross-sectional study using the healthy aging framework. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 643. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04362-7
Jiang, X., Chen, F., Yang, X., Yang, M., Zhang, X., Ma, X., & Yan, P. (2023b). Effects of personal and health characteristics on the intrinsic capacity of older adults in the community: a cross-sectional study using the healthy aging framework. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04362-7
Joe, W., Subramanian, S. V, & Chan, H. T. H. (2019). Increasing global heterogeneity in the life expectancy of older populations 2 3 Authors and Affiliations: 4 5. BioRxiv, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1101/589630
Johariyah, Widyawati, & Nurdiati, D. S. (2020). Exploring Indonesian midwive’s experience of preeclampsia screening and community health volunteer’s role to prevent maternal and fetal complications: A qualitative study at the community level. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.11.27
Joubert, A., & Reid, M. (2023). Knowledge, skills, and training community health workers require to contribute to an interprofessional learning initiative. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100531
Joubert, A., & Reid, M. (2024). Knowledge, skills, and training of community health workers to contribute to interprofessional education: a scoping review. In Journal of Interprofessional Care (Vol. 38, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2023.2176472
Kajonius, P. J., & Kazemi, A. (2016). Structure and process quality as predictors of satisfaction with elderly care. Health and Social Care in the Community, 24(6), 699–707.
Kennedy, M. A., Hatchell, K. E., DiMilia, P. R., Kelly, S. M., Blunt, H. B., Bagley, P. J., LaMantia, M. A., Reynolds, C. F., Crow, R. S., Maden, T. N., Kelly, S. L., Kihwele, J. M., & Batsis, J. A. (2021). Community health worker interventions for older adults with complex health needs: A systematic review. In Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (Vol. 69, Issue 6, pp. 1670–1682). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17078
Khasanah, F., Pujiati, E., & Bariyah, K. (2022). Strengthening the role of posyandu cadres through green life programs in sustainable development. Community Empowerment, 7(4), 690–696. https://doi.org/10.31603/ce.6267
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
Kusnandar, V. B. (2022). Jumlah Tenaga Kesehatan Indonesia 0,21% dari Total Penduduk. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/02/15/jumlah-tenaga-k...
Kusuma, N. I., & Kurniawati, T. (2023). Skrining Kesehatan Lansia dan Kebutuhan Pelayanan Kesehatan Lanjut pada Kelompok Ibu Aisyiyah (Health Screening for the Older Adults and Needs for Advanced Health Services in the Aisyiyah Mothers Group). Ahmar Metakarya: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.53770/amjpm.v2i2.163
Kuule, Y., Dobson, A. E., Woldeyohannes, D., Zolfo, M., Najjemba, R., Edwin, B. M. R., Haven, N., Verdonck, K., Owiti, P., & Wilkinson, E. (2017). Community health volunteers in primary healthcare in rural Uganda: Factors influencing performance. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(MAR). https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2017.00062
Leung, A. Y. M., Su, J. J., Lee, E. S. H., Fung, J. T. S., & Molassiotis, A. (2022). Intrinsic capacity of older people in the community using WHO Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) framework: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-02980-1
Li, C. M., Chen, C. Y., Li, C. Y., Wang, W. D., & Wu, S. C. (2010). The effectiveness of a comprehensive geriatric assessment intervention program for frailty in community-dwelling older people: a randomized, controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50, S39–S42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(10)70011-X
Li, L., Du, T., & Hu, Y. (2020). The effect of population aging on healthcare expenditure from a healthcare demand perspective among different age groups: Evidence from beijing city in the people’s republic of china. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1403–1412. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S271289
Lim, S. E. R., Cox, N. J., Tan, Q. Y., Ibrahim, K., & Roberts, H. C. (2021). Volunteer-led physical activity interventions to improve health outcomes for community-dwelling older people: a systematic review. In Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (Vol. 33, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01556-6
Lin, W. Q., Yuan, L. X., Kuang, S. Y., Zhang, X. X., Lu, C. J., Lin, T. T., Lin, wei Y., Cen, H. H., Zhou, Y., & Wang, P. X. (2020). Work engagement as a mediator between organizational commitment and job satisfaction among community health-care workers in China: a cross-sectional study. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1634821
Liu, S. W., Singer, S. J., Sun, B. C., & Camargo, C. A. (2011). A conceptual model for assessing quality of care for patients boarding in the emergency department: Structure-process-outcome. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(4), 430–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01033.x
López-Ortiz, S., Lista, S., Peñín-Grandes, S., Pinto-Fraga, J., Valenzuela, P. L., Nisticò, R., Emanuele, E., Lucia, A., & Santos-Lozano, A. (2022). Defining and assessing intrinsic capacity in older people: A systematic review and a proposed scoring system. In Ageing Research Reviews (Vol. 79). Elsevier Ireland Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101640
Lu, F., Li, J., Liu, X., Liu, S., Sun, X., & Wang, X. (2023). Diagnostic performance analysis of the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) screening tool for identifying decline in intrinsic capacity. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04180-x
Lu, F., Liu, S., Liu, X., Li, J., Jiang, S., Sun, X., Huang, X., & Wang, X. (2023). Comparison of the predictive value of intrinsic capacity and comorbidity on adverse health outcome in community-dwelling older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 50, 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.02.001
Ma, C., Leung, A. Y. M., Chua, D., Teo, W. C., Tay, L. B. G., & Ng, W. C. (2023). Intrinsic Capacity of Older Adults in Singapore Using WHO Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) Framework. Innovation in Aging, 7(Supplement_1). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2875
Ma, L., Chhetri, J. K., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Chen, Y., Li, Y., & Chan, P. (2020). Integrated Care for Older People Screening Tool for Measuring Intrinsic Capacity: Preliminary Findings From ICOPE Pilot in China. Frontiers in Medicine, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.576079
Margaretha, C., Sarjana, W., Suharto, & Jusup, I. (2021). Relationship between quality of life, depression, and participation in elderly integrated health service post among older adults. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 11(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.14710/NMJN.V11I2.33500
Marwah, V. (2023). For Love of Money: Rewards of Care for India’s Women Community Health Workers. Social Problems, 70(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab062
McCollum, R., Theobald, S., Otiso, L., Martineau, T., Karuga, R., Barasa, E., Molyneux, S., & Taegtmeyer, M. (2018). Priority setting for health in the context of devolution in Kenya: Implications for health equity and community-based primary care. Health Policy and Planning, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czy043
McCullough, K., Andrew, L., Genoni, A., Dunham, M., Whitehead, L., & Porock, D. (2023). An examination of primary health care nursing service evaluation using the Donabedian model: A systematic review. Research in Nursing and Health, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.22291
Minister of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia) No. HK.01.07/Menkes/2015/2023.
Minister of Home Affair Republic Of Indonesia. (2011). Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 19 Tahun 2011.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2017). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia).
Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2011). Pedoman Umum Pengelolaan Posyandu (Sekretaris Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Ed.; 11th ed., Vol. 362). Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2023). Petunjuk Teknis Integrasi Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer (Technical Instructions for Primary Health Care Integration).
Moe, G., Wang, K. H., & Kousonsavath, S. (2019). Accreditation: A Quality Improvement Strategy for the Community-Based Family Practice. Healthcare Quarterly (Toronto, Ont.), 21(4). https://doi.org/10.12927/hcq.2019.25746
Mohamed Moselhy, M., & Sayed Mohamed, H. (2022). Intrinsic Capacity Factors and Activities of Daily Living among Older Adults Residents of Geriatric Homes. In Original Article Egyptian Journal of Health Care (Vol. 13, Issue 2). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-4321
Moore, L., Lavoie, A., Bourgeois, G., & Lapointe, J. (2015). Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome quality of care model: Validation in an integrated trauma system. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 78(6), 1168–1175. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000663
Muharram, F. R., Sulistya, H. A., Swannjo, J. B., Firmansyah, F. F., Rizal, M. M., Izza, A., Isfandiari, M. A., Ariningtyas, N. D., & Romdhoni, A. C. (2025). Adequacy and Distribution of The Health Workforce in Indonesia. WHO South-East Asia Journal Oublich Health, 13(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/WHO-SEAJPH.WHO-SEAJPH_28_24
Muneera, K., Muhammad, T., & Althaf, S. (2022). Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with intrinsic capacity among older adults: evidence from India. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03558-7
Naing, C., Htet, N. H., Tung, W. S., Aung, H. H., & Whittaker, M. A. (2023). Facilitators and barriers to engaging communities in health service research on dengue control in Indo-Pacific region: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16845-8
Nakamura, Y., Laberge, M., Davis, A., & Formoso, A. (2019). Barriers and strategies for specialty care access through federally qualified health centers: A scoping review. In Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved (Vol. 30, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2019.0064
National Council on Aging. (2021). Hearing Loss and Mental Health.
Natkin, L. W., van den Broek-Altenburg, E., Benson, J. S., & Atherly, A. (2023). Community Health Teams: a qualitative study about the factors influencing the decision-making process. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09423-6
Newton-Lewis, T. A., & Bahety, G. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of Community Health Worker home visits on infant health: A quasi-experimental evaluation of Home Based Newborn Care Plus in India. Journal of Global Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.04060
NHS England. (2022). A model for measuring quality care.
Nimrod, G., & Ben-Shem, I. (2015). Successful Aging as a Lifelong Process. Educational Gerontology, 41(11), 814–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050904
Nordin, N. H., Nordin, N. N., & Ahmad, N. A. (2015). The Effects of the Ageing Population on Healthcare Expenditure: A Comparative Study of China and India. International Conference on Economics and Banking, 297–310.
Novianti, E., Ratnawati, D., Lumban Tobing, D., Keperawatan, P., & Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, U. (2021). Pelatihan Kader dalam Melakukan Konseling Sederhana sebagai Dukungan Sosial untuk Mengelola Pojok Curhat.
Nugraha, S., Prasetyo, S., Susilowati, I. H., & Rahardjo, T. B. W. (2021). Urban-Rural Dimension of Falls and Associated Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Aging Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8638170
Ogutu, M., Muraya, K., Mockler, D., & Darker, C. (2021). Factors influencing the performance of community health volunteers working within urban informal settlements in low- and middle-income countries: a qualitative meta-synthesis review. In Human Resources for Health (Vol. 19, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00691-z
Osburn, H. G. (2000). Coefficient Alpha and Related Internal Consistency Reliability Coefficients. In Psychological Methods (Vol. 5, Issue 3).
Ostertag, S., Bosic-Reiniger, J., Migliaccio, C., & Zins, R. (2022). Promoting Older Adult Health with Interprofessional Education through Community Based Health Screening. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116513
Pais, R., Ruano, L., Carvalho, O. P., & Barros, H. (2020). Global Cognitive Impairment Prevalence and Incidence in Community Dwelling Older Adults-A Systematic Review. Geriatrics, 5(84), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040084
Pandya, S., Hamal, M., Abuya, T., Kintu, R., Mwanga, D., Warren, C. E., & Agarwal, S. (2022). Understanding Factors That Support Community Health Worker Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Performance in Three Ugandan Districts: Opportunities for Strengthening Uganda’s Community Health Worker Program. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6219
Paneni, F., Diaz Cañestro, C., Libby, P., Lüscher, T. F., & Camici, G. G. (2017). The Aging Cardiovascular System Understanding It at the Cellular and Clinical Levels. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69(15), 1952–1967.
Pearson, N., Naylor, P. J., Ashe, M. C., Fernandez, M., Yoong, S. L., & Wolfenden, L. (2020). Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00634-w
Péres, K., Matharan, F., Daien, V., Nael, V., Edjolo, A., Isabelle Bourdel-Marchasson, I., Ritchie, K., Tzourio, C., Delcourt, C., & Carriere, I. (2017). Visual loss and subsequent activity limitations in the elderly: The French three-city cohort. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), 564–569. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303631
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health, 29(5), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20147
Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Focus on research methods: Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health, 30(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199
Primanda, Y., & Fatah, D. I. (2021). Knowledge and experience of community health volunteer (Cadre) on type 2 diabetes mellitus management in Yogyakarta. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(T4). https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5863
Putri, M. A., & Suhartiningsih, S. (2020). Kader lansia dalam upaya peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan lansia (Elderly community health volunteers in an effort to improve elderly health services). Journal of Community Engagement in Health, 3(2), 304–308. https://doi.org/10.30994/jceh.v3i2.84
Rahmawati, E., & Proverawati, A. (2016). Community empowering models to gout management: A study among Indonesian cadres and elderly. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 5, 28–31. www.ijmrhs.com
Rahmawati, R., & Bajorek, B. (2015). A community health worker-based program for elderly people with hypertension in Indonesia: A qualitative study, 2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140530
Rauf, S., & Malawat, R. (2022). Strengthening Integrated Health Center Service for the Elderly through Cadre Training and Mentoring. Poltekita: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 3(3), 456–462. https://doi.org/10.33860/pjpm.v3i3.998
Rennekamp, R., & Nall, M. A. (2000). Using Focus Groups in Program Development and Evaluation.
Rifat, K., Rina, K., Cindy, G., Cindy, P., & Witriastika, S. (2022). Mental Health Empowering for Health Cadres by Using Mobile Screening Tools. Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v3i5.153
Rogers, A., Goore, L. L., Wamae, J., Starnes, J. R., Okong’o, S. O., Okoth, V., & Mudhune, S. (2023). Training and experience outperform literacy and formal education as predictors of community health worker knowledge and performance, results from Rongo sub-county, Kenya. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1120922
Rohmani, N., & Utari, D. (2021). The Role of Leadership and its Relationship with the Performance of Community Health Volunteer: A Survey in Rural Indonesia. Disease Prevention and Public Health Journal, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.12928/dpphj.v15i2.4194
RRI. (2025, August). Angka Harapan Hidup Indonesia di Bawah Rata-rata Dunia. https://rri.co.id/lampung/kesehatan/1336070/usia-harapan-hidup-penduduk-indonesia-meningkat. https://rri.co.id/lampung/kesehatan/1336070/usia-harapan-hidup-penduduk-indonesia-meningkat
Rücker, G., Schimek-Jasch, T., & Nestle, U. (2012). Measuring inter-observer agreement in contour delineation of medical imaging in a dummy run using fleiss’ kappa. Methods of Information in Medicine, 51(6). https://doi.org/10.3414/ME12-01-0005
Safary, E., Mwandeti, M., Matanje, B., Beiersmann, C., Mtaita, C., Shiroya, V., Winkler, V., Deckert, A., Kumar, P., Phiri, S., & Neuhann, F. (2021). Role of community health volunteers in identifying people with elevated blood pressure for diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02171-7
Sanchez-Rodriguez, D., Piccard, S., Dardenne, N., Giet, D., Annweiler, C., & Gillain, S. (2021). Implementation of the Integrated Care of Older People (ICOPE) App and ICOPE Monitor in Primary Care: A Study Protocol. Journal of Frailty and Aging, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2021.22
Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on research methods: Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 23(3), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-240x(200006)23:3<246::aid-nur9>3.0.co;2-h
Santos, E. W. (2023). An Evaluation of the Training Program on Online Remedial Instruction in the New Normal. Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, 14(2), 314–325. https://doi.org/10.47750/jett.2023.14.02.030
Schmeeckle, J. M. (2003). Online Training: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Training Law Enforcement Personnel over the Internet. In Source: Journal of Science Education and Technology (Vol. 12, Issue 3).
Sendall, M. C., McCosker, L. K., Brodie, A., Hill, M., & Crane, P. (2018). Participatory action research, mixed methods, and research teams: Learning from philosophically juxtaposed methodologies for optimal research outcomes. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0636-1
Sharew, Y., Mullu, G., Abebe, N., & Mehare, T. (2020). Quality of health care service assessment using Donabedian model in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018. African Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Full Length Research Paper, 19(9).
Si, Y., Hanewald, K., Chen, S., Li, B., Bateman, H., & Beard, J. R. (2023). Life-course inequalities in intrinsic capacity and healthy ageing, China.
Siongco, K. L. L., Nakamura, K., Seino, K., Moncatar, T. J. R. T., Tejero, L. M. S., De La Vega, S. A. F., Bonito, S. R., Javier, R., Tsutsui, T., Tashiro, Y., Al-Sobaihi, S., Lorenzo, F. M. E., & Canila, C. C. (2021). Improving community health workers’ attitudes toward collaborative practice in the care of older adults: An in-service training intervention trial in the philippines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199986
Siswati, T., Iskandar, S., Pramestuti, N., Raharjo, J., Rialihanto, M. P., Rubaya, A. K., & Wiratama, B. S. (2022). Effect of a Short Course on Improving the Cadres’ Knowledge in the Context of Reducing Stunting through Home Visits in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169843
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of Human Service Staff Satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey 1. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6).
Suleman, S., Calleja, S., Parmar, P. K., & Cohen, E. (2024). Comparison of healthcare quality for uninsured and underinsured children through community health centres in Canada and the USA: A scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075340
Sum, G., Lau, L. K., Jabbar, K. A., Lun, P., George, P. P., Munro, Y. L., & Ding, Y. Y. (2023). The World Health Organization (WHO) Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) Framework: A Narrative Review on Its Adoption Worldwide and Lessons Learnt. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 20, Issue 1). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010154
Sumaryanta, Mardapi, D., Sugiman, & Herawan, T. (2019). Community-based teacher training: Transformation of sustainable teacher empowerment strategy in Indonesia. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2019-0004
Sun, X., Wang, L., Shen, X., Huang, C., Wei, Z., Su, L., Wang, S., Liu, X., & Zhen, X. (2022). Correlates of Adherence of Multimodal Non-pharmacological Interventions in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.833767
Susanti, N. (2011). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Posyandu Lansia. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas, 1(3), 155–162.
Swiner, C. (2023, April 7). Health Issues in Older Adults. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/health-issues-in-older-adults#091e9c5e8214b33c-1-2
Syed-Abdul, M. M., McClellan, C. L., Parks, E. J., & Ball, S. D. (2022). Effects of a resistance training community programme in older adults. Ageing and Society, 42(8). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20001786
Tavassoli, N., de Souto Barreto, P., Berbon, C., Mathieu, C., de Kerimel, J., Lafont, C., Takeda, C., Carrie, I., Piau, A., Jouffrey, T., Andrieu, S., Nourhashemi, F., Beard, J. R., Soto Martin, M. E., & Vellas, B. (2022). Implementation of the WHO integrated care for older people (ICOPE) programme in clinical practice: a prospective study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 3(6), e394–e404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00097-6
Tay, L., Tay, E. L., Mah, S. M., Latib, A., Koh, C., & Ng, Y. S. (2023). Association of Intrinsic Capacity with Frailty, Physical Fitness and Adverse Health Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Frailty and Aging, 12(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2022.28
Teresi, J. A., Yu, X., Stewart, A. L., & Hays, R. D. (2022). Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies. Medical Care, 60(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001664
Terwee, C. B., Prinsen, C. A., Chiarotto, A., Cw De Vet, H., Bouter, L. M., Marjan, J. A., Donald, W., Patrick, L., Mokkink, L. B., & Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN methodology for assessing the content validity of PROMs User manual version 1.0. www.cosmin.nl
The Australia-Indonesia Centre. (2018, April 20). The Role of Community Health Nurses in Indonesia in supporting Elderly Health in Community | Australia-Indonesia Centre. Australia Indonesia Center. https://australiaindonesiacentre.org/health/policy-education/the-role-of-community-health-nurses-in-indonesia-in-supporting-elderly-health-in-community/
The National Team for The Acceleration of Poverty Reduction. (2020). The Situation of the Elderly in Indonesia and Access to Social Protection Programs: Secondary Data Analysis. www.tnp2k.go.id
Thummasorn, S., Puntawong, P., Suksaby, R., Kanjanabat, K., Chaiwong, P., & Khamhom, T. (2022). The Comparison of Physical Activity, Cognitive Function, and Depression between Older and Middle-Aged Adults. The Open Public Health Journal, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/18749445-v15-e2207140
Tiittanen, U., & Turjamaa, R. (2022). Social Inclusion and Communality of Volunteering: A Focus Group Study of Older People’s Experiences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095141
Tohid, H., Ng, S. D., Azmi, A., Nur Hamidi, N. F. A., Samsuri, S., Kamarudin, A. H., & Omar, K. (2019). Quality of asthma care at a university-based primary care clinic in Malaysia: An audit of process, structure and outcomes. Journal of Health Research, 33(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-11-2018-0148
Totton, N., Lin, J., Julious, S., Chowdhury, M., & Brand, A. (2023). A review of sample sizes for UK pilot and feasibility studies on the ISRCTN registry from 2013 to 2020. In Pilot and Feasibility Studies (Vol. 9, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-023-01416-w
Tsounis, A., & Sarafis, P. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Greek translation of the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). BMC Psychology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0241-4
UNDESA. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022 Summary of Results.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022 Summary of Results. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/World-Population-Prospects-2022
Van Iseghem, T., Jacobs, I., Vanden Bossche, D., Delobelle, P., Willems, S., Masquillier, C., & Decat, P. (2023). The role of community health workers in primary healthcare in the WHO-EU region: a scoping review. In International Journal for Equity in Health (Vol. 22, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-01944-0
Vance, D. E., Marson, D. C., Triebel, K. L., Ball, K. K., Wadley, V. G., & Cody, S. L. (2016). Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: The Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 48(4), E2–E12. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0000000000000197
Wang, J., Boehm, L., & Mion, L. C. (2017). Intrinsic capacity in older hospitalized adults: Implications for nursing practice. Geriatric Nursing, 38(4), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.06.008
WHO. (2017). Integrated care for older people Guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity.
WHO South-East Asia. (2020). A manual for nurses Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE).
Widayati, M. Y., Tamtomo, D., & Adriani, R. B. (2017). Factors Affecting Quality of Health Service and Patient Satisfaction in Community Health Centers in North Lampung, Sumatera. Journal of Health Policy and Management, 02(02). https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2017.02.02.08
World Bank. (2019). World Population Ageing 2019. In World Population Ageing 2019. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ageing
World Health Organization. (2016). Health Workforce Requirements for Universal Health Coverage and The Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.who.int/about/licensing/
World Health Organization. (2017). Integrated care for older people Guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550109
World Health Organization. (2019a). ICOPE: Implementation framework Guidance for systems and services.
World Health Organization. (2019b). Integrated Care for Older People: Guidance on person-centred assessment and pathways in primary care Handbook.
World Health Organization. (2019c). Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) Guidance on Person-Centered Assessment and Pathways in Primary Care Handbook.
World Health Organization. (2022, October 1). Ageing and health. Newsroom. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
World Health Organization. (2025). Dementia Key facts.
Yang, B. K., Johantgen, M. E., Trinkoff, A. M., Idzik, S. R., Wince, J., & Tomlinson, C. (2021). State Nurse Practitioner Practice Regulations and U.S. Health Care Delivery Outcomes: A Systematic Review. In Medical Care Research and Review (Vol. 78, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558719901216
Yin, G., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Zhao, F., Zhu, Q., & Lin, S. (2023a). The implementation of a community-centered first aid education program for older adults—community health workers perceived barriers. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09142-y
Yin, G., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Zhao, F., Zhu, Q., & Lin, S. (2023b). The implementation of a community-centered first aid education program for older adults—community health workers perceived barriers. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09142-y
Zhang, M., Yang, R., Wang, W., Gillespie, J., Clarke, S., & Yan, F. (2016). Job satisfaction of urban community health workers after the 2009 healthcare reform in China: A systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv111
Zhao, B., Liu, Z., Fu, Y., Zhang, H., Wu, J., Lai, C., Xue, E., Gao, Q., & Shao, J. (2023). Social Determinants of Intrinsic Capacity: A National Cohort Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.10.008
Zhou, J., Chang, H., Leng, M., & Wang, Z. (2023). Intrinsic Capacity to Predict Future Adverse Health Outcomes in Older Adults: A Scoping Review. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 11, Issue 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040450
Zhou, Y., & Ma, L. (2022). Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults: Recent Advances. In Aging and Disease (Vol. 13, Issue 2, pp. 353–359). International Society on Aging and Disease. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.0818