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研究生：	廖恒誼 Liao, Heng-Yi
論文名稱：	二氧化碳封存之斷層再活動可能性評估 Potential Fault Reactivation Analysis in Carbon Dioxide Storage
指導教授：	謝秉志 Hsieh, Bieng-Zih
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 資源工程學系 Department of Resources Engineering
論文出版年：	2015
畢業學年度：	103
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	85
中文關鍵詞：	二氧化碳注儲、斷層滑移、臨界孔隙壓力、大地力學、數值模擬
外文關鍵詞：	CO2 injection, Fault slip, Critical pore pressure, Geomechanics, Numerical simulation
相關次數：	點閱：143 下載：5
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本研究的主要目的是利用完成驗證之壓力解析解分析地層孔隙壓力隨時間的動態變化，並由臨界孔隙應力理論計算造成斷層滑移之臨界孔隙壓力值，進行現地斷層滑移潛能評估。
本研究以莫爾-庫倫破壞理論及庫倫摩擦準則為基礎，代入臨界孔隙應力理論並推導出造成斷層滑移之臨界孔隙壓力計算展開式，該展開式以最大水平應力、垂直應力、最小水平應力、摩擦係數及法向量表示臨界孔隙壓力值。同時，本研究進行無限邊界圓柱地層、無流動邊界地層之壓力解析解驗證，藉由模擬器輸出之壓力結果與壓力解析解相互比較並確認解析解之正確性，利用輸出特定位置、井口位置及斷層邊界位置壓力隨時間的變化圖，證明壓力解析解可適用於地層中任一位置。利用壓力解析解分析理想模型中地層孔隙壓力隨時間之動態變化，並以計算所得臨界孔隙壓力值作為斷層滑移產生之準則，進行理想模型下斷層滑移潛能評估。藉由上述建立之理想模型，假設在相同的地層參數、流體參數及應力狀態下，探討不同的斷層傾角與摩擦係數對臨界孔隙壓力值造成的影響。
本研究選定鐵砧山礦區桂竹林層為目標研究地層進行案例分析，由蒐集的地層頂部構造圖及斷層位置資料，利用數值模擬軟體將構造數位化而得構造模型，並輸入地質參數、流體參數與應力狀態以建立地質模型，加入井位配置及操作條件以完成數值模型，研究二氧化碳注儲是否會使原本存在於桂竹林層之斷層產生滑移。同時，分別輸出特定位置之壓力隨時間變化，包括井口至斷層面底部之最遠位置、井口至斷層面底部之構造高區及井口至斷層面底部之最近位置，並計算特定位置第兩百年之臨界壓力擾動，評估最可能發生斷層滑移之位置。

The purpose of this paper is to analyze pore pressure as function of time and, based on critical stress fracture theory, to calculate the critical pore pressure that causes faults to react. We also estimated the potential of fault slips in situ.
The Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and Coulomb friction criteria are used as basic theory in this study. We used them in critical stress fracture theory to derive critical pore pressure equation, which is expressed by minimum horizontal stress, vertical stress, maximum horizontal stress, the coefficient of internal friction, and the fault plane’s normal vector. The solution was verified both in an infinite reservoir and in a no-flow boundary reservoir by comparing the results of the proposed analytical solution with the output of a standard numerical solution. We used pressure change with time at specific locations, wellbore locations, and fault locations in the reservoir, which showed that the pressure solution could be used to forecast pressure change with time at any location in the reservoir. Then, using the pressure solution to analyze pore pressure change with time, we calculated the critical pore pressure that causes faults to slip, and we estimated the potential of fault slip in an ideal model. Using this ideal model, we assumed the same reservoir parameters, fluid parameters, and stress state to investigate the effect of fault dips and the coefficient of internal friction on critical pore pressure.
We selected a depleted reservoir in the Tiezhanshan KCL layer as the target. Using a simulator to obtain a structural model by digitizing the layer’s top structure and fault location, developing a geological model by inputting geological parameters, fluid parameters, and stress states. The numerical model was developed by using a simulator and entering well configurations and operating conditions into the geological model. We studied whether carbon dioxide injection caused fault slips in faults that were originally present in the KCL layer. We also output pressure change with time at the locations that, based on the numerical analysis, had greater possibilities for fault slips. These locations included (1) the longest distance from the injector to the fault, (2) the highest corner of the fault, and (3) the shortest distance from the injector to the fault. The critical pressure perturbation 200 years after injection at these locations was calculated, and the potential of a fault slip at these locations was estimated using critical pressure perturbation.

Abstract	I
中文摘要	III
致謝	V
Contents	VII
List of Tables	X
List of Figures	XI
Nomenclature	XIII
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
Chapter 2 Purpose	4
Chapter 3 Literature Review	5
3.1 Induced earthquake and fault slip caused by carbon dioxide injection	5
3.2 Critical pore pressure	13
Chapter 4 Basic theory	16
4.1 Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion	16
4.2 Coulomb friction criteria	18
4.3 Critical pore pressure calculation and fault stability analysis	18
4.4 Pressure function of infinite reservoir p(x, y, t)	23
4.4.1 Well bottom hole pressure function of infinite reservoir p(x=xw, y=yw, t)	24
4.5 Reservoir pressure function including one fault boundary p(x, y, t)	25
4.5.1 Reservoir well bottom hole pressure function including one fault boundary p(x=xw, y=yw ,t)	27
Chapter 5 Results	29
5.1 Verifying the result by comparing the analytical and numerical solutions	29
5.1.1 Verifying the pressure function of infinite reservoir by comparing the analytical and numerical solutions	29
5.1.2 Verifying the well bottom hole pressure function of infinite reservoir by comparing the analytical and numerical solutions	33
5.1.3 Verifying the reservoir pressure function including one fault boundary by comparing the analytical and numerical solutions	34
5.1.4 Verifying the reservoir well bottom hole pressure function  including one fault boundary by comparing the analytical and numerical solutions	38
Chapter 6 Discussions	40
6.1 Using the analytical solution to dynamically analyze reservoir pore pressure	40
6.2 An ideal model for analyzing a potential fault slip	41
6.2.1 Ideal model design	41
6.2.2 Effect of fault dips on critical pore pressure	44
6.2.3 Effect of the coefficient of internal friction on critical pore pressure	46
6.3 Case study: Fault slip potential	47
6.3.1 Field description	47
6.3.2 Present day stress state description	49
6.3.3 Potential of a fault slip in situ	50
6.3.3.1 Pressure change with time at the specific location	51
6.3.3.1.1 Location of the longest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault A	53
6.3.3.1.2 Location of the highest corner on the bottom of Fault A	54
6.3.3.1.3 Location of the shortest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault A	55
6.3.3.1.4 Location of the shortest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault B	56
6.3.3.1.5 Location of the longest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault B	57
6.3.3.2 Pressure perturbation at specific location	58
6.3.3.2.1 Location of the longest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault A	58
6.3.3.2.2 Location of the highest corner on the bottom of Fault A	59
6.3.3.2.3 Location of the shortest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault A	60
6.3.3.2.4 Location of the shortest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault B	61
6.3.3.2.5 Location of the longest distance from the injector to the bottom of Fault B	62
6.3.3.3 Estimating the potential of a fault slip location	63
Chapter 7 Conclusions	66
7.1 Conclusions	66
7.2 Suggestions for future work	67
References	68
Appendix A: Proof of form of traction force at the fault element	72
Appendix B: Proof of critical pore pressure equation	76
Appendix C: Pressure verification of a two-phase reservoir	78

                                    

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校內：2016-02-24公開
校外：2016-02-24公開

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