血管阻塞相關疾病為國人常見死因併發症之一，其中周邊血管疾病（PVD）是一種普遍的血管疾病和慢性疾病，常好發在糖尿病與長期洗腎患者，也與心血管疾病和神經損傷風險的增加有密切關係。周邊血管疾病若沒有得到充分治療與控制，常會引起缺血性胸痛、傷口癒合不良與廔管阻塞等症狀，且程度會隨著年齡增長而更趨嚴重，因此診斷與監測病患的周邊阻塞血管疾病有其必要性。本研究將結合都卜勒超音波和同步光學技術建立一套周邊血管偵測系統，除了提供臨床患者血管阻塞程度外，也能清楚了解相對應的解剖位置與血流資訊，作為診斷與治療時的參考，降低治療時的風險。本論文第一部份是利用多重位置法搭配自適性彩色關聯分類器，實現都卜勒超音波之洗腎廔管阻塞分析系統，藉此即時評估廔管的阻塞程度。此方法主要是依據血流動力學並配合無因次參數，來擷取與量化管腔內血流的都卜勒超音波特徵值；通過動脈吻合點與靜脈吻合點的參數資訊，計算出相對應的雷諾係數和阻抗係數，藉此評估廔管整體的阻塞程度與位置。本方法可以將結果直接對應到所關聯的彩色分類器，將阻塞程度利用顏色即時顯示給臨床人員，在30位長期洗腎病患的測試結果中，本方法在阻塞程度與位置的診斷上具有95%以上的準確度。本論文第二部份是利用同步光學技術來評估周邊血管，近來許多文獻研究指出，糖尿病患的周邊血管疾病常好發在下肢，此時下肢末端微循環的光體積描述波形（PPG）會發生不同步的現象，因此同步誤差是相當好的診斷依據。本章節利用混沌同步技術來偵測波形的同步誤差，同時配合狼群演算法（WPS）作為分類器的設計基礎。為加快演算的速度，本研究同時將混沌同步演算法實現於硬體電路中，在實際30位臨床病患的分析結果中顯示，混沌同步(CS)處理方法可以有效偵測波形的同步誤差，相較於傳統的時域方法上有更好的穩定與準確度（>90%）。另外與現今臨床上常見的踝肱血壓指數（ABPI）檢查結果相比，除了有準確度上的優勢外，在量測上也較為簡易且不會因血管硬化而誤判。本論文證實，結合都卜勒超音波和同步光學技術能有效偵測周邊血管疾病，不論是洗腎患者因長期洗腎所導致的手臂廔管阻塞，或是糖尿病患下肢的血管病變等，皆有良好的偵測能力。此外在臨床實驗中也發現，本論文所提出的方法比現有的臨床檢查來得更加準確且簡單量測，未來可以收集更多的臨床資料來驗證系統的可信度外，也能藉此瞭解相關的致病機轉，提升臨床醫療品質。

Vascular occlusions have become the major causes of death in Taiwan. Among them, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a widespread vascular disease and chronic disease in patients with diabetics and long-term dialysis patients, and is also associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and nerve damage. Inadequate control or treatment of PVD usually causes ischemic chest pain, poor wound healing and arteriovenous shunt stenosis, and the symptoms become severer with age. Therefore, achieving accurate diagnosis and monitoring of PVD via assessing blood vessels are important issues. This research combines Doppler ultrasound with optical technology to develop a PVD diagnosis system for clinical uses, which provides not only the degrees of stenosis (DOS), but also anatomical locations and blood flow physiology information for clinical physicians, lowing the risk arising from treatment. The first part of this study is to real-time evaluate arteriovenous access occlusion using Doppler ultrasound based on multiple-site hemodynamic analysis and an adaptive color relation classifier. In this study, we proposed a method based on hemodynamic analysis with dimensionless numbers to capture and further quantify the feature values of Doppler ultrasound extracted from intraluminal blood flow. The ratio of the supracritical Reynolds (Resupra) number and the resistive (Res) index were calculated via the peak-systolic and peak-diastolic velocities of blood flow from the arterial anastomosis sites (A) to the venous anastomosis sites (V) to quantitate the DOS at multiple measurement sites. After that, the results were mapped with an adaptive color relation classifier to real-time display the DOS. The examination results from thirty long-term dialysis patients showed that this proposed method performed well in DOS and occlusion site detection, with >95% of accuracy. The second part of this study is to evaluate PVD using optical technology technology. Recently, many studies indicated that PVD in patients with diabetics often occurred in the lower limbs, and the microcirculation of those lower limbs appeared asynchronous pulses in photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, making it a reliable PVD diagnostic method. In this study, a Sprott chaos synchronization (CS) classifiers based on PPG is proposed for asynchronous detection, and a wolf pack search (WPS) algorithm is selected as a classifier unit. Furthermore, to accelerate the speed of calculation, this study implemented Sprott CS algorithms in the hardware circuit. The analysis results from thirty clinical patients showed that the proposed Sprott CS technique could effectively detect the asynchronous pulses, with better stability and accuracy (> 90%) compared with traditional time-domain method. In addition, compared with the ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABPI) technique, this proposed system performed better accuracy, relatively simple operation, and less false positives from vascular sclerosis. In summary, this study confirmed that combined use of the Doppler ultrasound and optical technology is a potential candidate method to effectively evaluate the PVD caused by long-term dialysis or vascular disease of lower-extremity in patients with diabetics. The proposed system provides useful information with better accuracy and convenience for clinical examination. Future works include collecting more clinical data for verifying the reliability of this system, investigating the relevant pathogenesis of PVD, and improving the quality of clinical medical practice.

[1] A. K. Cheung, M. J. Sarnak, G. Yan, J. T. Dwyer, R. J. Heyka, M. V. Rocco, B. P. Teehan, and A. S. Levey, "Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks in chronic hemodialysis patients," Kidney International, vol. 58, pp. 353-362, 2000.
[2] D. R. Hennion and K. A. Siano, "Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease," American Family Physician, vol. 88, 2013.
[3] P. S. Lim, T. T. Chen, S. M. Yang, S. W. Chien, Y. C. Kuo, and M. T. Pai, "Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in hemodialysis patients," Acta Nephrologica, vol. 19, pp. 113-120, 2005.
[4] D. H. Evans and W. N. McDicken, Doppler ultrasound: physics, instrumentation, and signal processing vol. 2: Wiley Chichester, 2000.
[5] Q. Zhou, X. Xu, E. J. Gottlieb, L. Sun, J. M. Cannata, H. Ameri, M. S. Humayun, P. Han, and K. K. Shung, "PMN-PT single crystal, high-frequency ultrasonic needle transducers for pulsed-wave Doppler application," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency control, vol. 54, pp. 668-675, 2007.
[6] K. K. Shung, "High Frequency Ultrasonic Imaging," Journal of Medical Ultrasound, vol. 17, p. 25, 2009.
[7] J. A. Jensen, Estimation of blood velocities using ultrasound: a signal processing approach: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[8] D.-G. Paeng and K. K. Shung, "Cyclic and radial variation of the Doppler power from porcine whole blood," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 50, pp. 614-622, 2003.
[9] L. C. Nguyen, F. T. H. Yu, and G. Cloutier, "Cyclic changes in blood echogenicity under pulsatile flow are frequency dependent," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 34, pp. 664-673, 2008.
[10] X. Xu, J. T. Yen, and K. K. Shung, "A low-cost bipolar pulse generator for high-frequency ultrasound applications," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 54, pp. 443-447, 2007.
[11] F. S. Foster, C. J. Pavlin, K. A. Harasiewicz, D. A. Christopher, and D. H. Turnbull, "Advances in ultrasound biomicroscopy," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 26, pp. 1-27, 2000.
[12] G. R. Lockwood, D. H. Turnball, D. A. Christopher, and F. S. Foster, "Beyond 30 MHz [applications of high-frequency ultrasound imaging]," IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 15, pp. 60-71, 1996.
[13] J. W. Hunt, M. Arditi, and F. S. Foster, "Ultrasound transducers for pulse-echo medical imaging," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, pp. 453-481, 1983.
[14] J. Allen, K. Overbeck, A. F. Nath, A. Murray, and G. Stansby, "A prospective comparison of bilateral photoplethysmography versus the ankle-brachial pressure index for detecting and quantifying lower limb peripheral arterial disease," Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 47, pp. 794-802, 2008.
[15] Y. C. Du and C. H. Lin, "Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System for Assessment of Lower Limb Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 36, pp. 301-310, 2012.
[16] R. Erts, J. Spigulis, I. Kukulis, and M. Ozols, "Bilateral photoplethysmography studies of the leg arterial stenosis," Physiological Measurement, vol. 26, p. 865, 2005.
[17] W. B. Murray and P. A. Foster, "The peripheral pulse wave: information overlooked," Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, vol. 12, pp. 365-377, 1996.
[18] J. Allen, "Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement," Physiological measurement, vol. 28, p. R1, 2007.
[19] M. H. Criqui, "Peripheral arterial disease-epidemiological aspects," Vascular Medicine, vol. 6, pp. 3-7, 2001.
[20] J. R. Jago and A. Murray, "Repeatability of peripheral pulse measurements on ears, fingers and toes using photoelectric plethysmography," Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement, vol. 9, p. 319, 1988.
[21] J. Allen and A. Murray, "Variability of photoplethysmography peripheral pulse measurements at the ears, thumbs and toes," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 147, pp. 403-407, 2000.
[22] J. Allen, C. P. Oates, T. A. Lees, and A. Murray, "Photoplethysmography detection of lower limb peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a comparison of pulse timing, amplitude and shape characteristics," Physiological Measurement, vol. 26, p. 811, 2005.
[23] J. C Sprott, "A new class of chaotic circuit," Physics Letters A, vol. 266, pp. 19-23, 2000.
[24] D. I. R. Almeida, J. Alvarez, and J. G. Barajas, "Robust synchronization of Sprott circuits using sliding mode control," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol. 30, pp. 11-18, 2006.
[25] J. J. Sands, "Vascular access monitoring improves outcomes," Blood Purification, vol. 23, pp. 45-49, 2005.
[26] A. Asif, F. N. Gadalean, D. Merrill, G. Cherla, C. D Cipleu, D. L. Epstein, and D. Roth, "Inflow stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: a multicenter, prospective study," Kidney International, vol. 67, pp. 1986-1992, 2005.
[27] Y. M. Akay, M. Akay, W. Welkowitz, J. L. Semmlow, and J. B. Kostis, "Noninvasive acoustical detection of coronary artery disease: a comparative study of signal processing methods," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 40, pp. 571-578, 1993.
[28] Y. Suzuki, M. Fukasawa, T. Mori, O. Sakata, A. Hattori, and T. Kato, "Elemental Study on Auscultaiting Diagnosis Support System of Hemodialysis Shunt Stenosis by ANN," IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, vol. 130, pp. 401-406, 2010.
[29] Y. Suzuki, M. Fukasawa, O. Sakata, H. Kato, A. Hattori, and T. Kato, "An Auscultaiting Diagnosis Support System for Assessing Hemodialysis Shunt Stenosis by Using Self-organizing Map," IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, vol. 131, pp. 160-166, 2011.
[30] W. L. Chen, C. H. Lin, T. Chen, P. J. Chen, and C. D. Kan, "Stenosis detection algorithm using the Burg method of autoregressive model for hemodialysis patients: evaluation of arteriovenous shunt stenosis," Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, vol. 10, p. 5405, 2013.
[31] W. L. Chen, T. Chen, C. H. Lin, P. J. Chen, and C. D. Kan, "Phonographic signal with a fractional-order chaotic system: a novel and simple algorithm for analyzing residual arteriovenous access stenosis," Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 51, pp. 1011-1019, 2013.
[32] P. O. Vesquez, M. M. Marco, and B. Mandersson, "Arteriovenous fistula stenosis detection using wavelets and support vector machines," in Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2009. Annual International Conference of the IEEE, pp. 1298-1301, 2009.
[33] M. Gram, J. T. Olesen, H. C. Riis, M. Selvaratnam, H. Meyer-Hofmann, B. B. Pedersen, J. H. Christensen, J. Struijk, and S. E. Schmidt, "Stenosis detection algorithm for screening of arteriovenous fistulae," in 15th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, pp. 241-244, 2011.
[34] D. H. Lee, J. H. Ahn, S. S. Jeong, K. S. Eo, and M. S. Park, "Routine transradial access for conventional cerebral angiography: a single operator's experience of its feasibility and safety," The British Journal of Radiology, vol. 77, pp. 831-838, 2004.
[35] P. Wiese and B. Nonnast-Daniel, "Colour Doppler ultrasound in dialysis access," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 19, pp. 1956-1963, 2004.
[36] F. Basseau, N. Grenier, H. Trillaud, C. Douws, A. Saint-Amon, V. De Precigout, and C. Combe, "Volume flow measurement in hemodialysis shunts using time-domain correlation," Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 18, pp. 177-183, 1999.
[37] T. Ogawa, O. Matsumura, A. Matsuda, H. Hasegawa, and T. Mitarai, "Brachial artery blood flow measurement: a simple and noninvasive method to evaluate the need for arteriovenous fistula repair," Dialysis & Transplantation, vol. 40, pp. 206-210, 2011.
[38] X. Xu, L. Sun, J. M. Cannata, J. T. Yen, and K. K. Shung, "High-frequency ultrasound Doppler system for biomedical applications with a 30-MHz linear array," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 34, pp. 638-646, 2008.
[39] E. L. Madsen, M. E. Deaner, and J. Mehi, "Properties of Phantom Tissuelike Polymethylpentene in the Frequency Range 20-70 MHZ," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 37, pp. 1327-1339, 2011.
[40] C.-H. Lin, "Assessment of bilateral photoplethysmography for lower limb peripheral vascular occlusive disease using color relation analysis classifier," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 103, pp. 121-131, 2011.
[41] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, "Digital Image Processing 2ed. ," Prentice Hall Press, 2002.
[42] A. Ratnaweera, S. Halgamuge, and H. C. Watson, "Self-organizing hierarchical particle swarm optimizer with time-varying acceleration coefficients," IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 8, pp. 240-255, 2004.
[43] J. X. Wu, C. H. Lin, Y. C. Du, and T. Chen, "Sprott chaos synchronisation classifier for diabetic foot peripheral vascular occlusive disease estimation," IET Science, Measurement & Technology, vol. 6, pp. 533-540, 2012.
[44] L. Sun, C.-L. Lien, X. Xu, and K. K. Shung, "In vivo cardiac imaging of adult zebrafish using high frequency ultrasound (45–75MHz)," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 34, pp. 31-39, 2008.
[45] V. Cucevic, A. S. Brown, and F. S. Foster, "Thermal assessment of 40-MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound in human eye," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 31, pp. 565-573, 2005.
[46] M. L. Thorne, T. L. Poepping, H. N. Nikolov, R. N. Rankin, D. A. Steinman, and D. W. Holdsworth, "In Vitro Doppler Ultrasound Investigation of Turbulence Intensity in Pulsatile Flow With Simulated Cardiac Variability," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 35, pp. 120-128, 2009.
[47] T. Xu and G. R. Bashford, "Lateral blood flow velocity estimation based on ultrasound speckle size change with scan velocity," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 57, pp. 2695-2703, 2010.
[48] J. X. Wu, Y. C. Du, C. H. Lin, P. J. Chen, and T. Chen, "A novel bipolar pulse generator for high-frequency ultrasound system," IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, pp. 1571-1574, 2013.
[49] C.-K. Yeh, J.-J. Chen, M.-L. Li, J.-J. Luh, and J.-J. J. Chen, "In vivo imaging of blood flow in the mouse Achilles tendon using high-frequency ultrasound," Ultrasonics, vol. 49, pp. 226-230, 2009.
[50] W. Qiu, Y. Yu, F. K. Tsang, and L. Sun, "An FPGA-based open platform for ultrasound biomicroscopy," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, , vol. 59, pp. 1432-1442, 2012.
[51] R. O. Bude and J. M. Rubin, "Relationship between the Resistive Index and Vascular Compliance and Resistance 1," Radiology, vol. 211, pp. 411-417, 1999.
[52] R. Maekawa, M. R. Smith, and S. W. Van Sciver, "Pressure drop measurements of prototype NET and CEA cable-in-conduit conductors (CICCs)," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 5, pp. 741-744, 1995.
[53] M. K. Banerjee, R. Ganguly, and A. Datta, "Effect of Pulsatile Flow Waveform and Womersley Number on the Flow in Stenosed Arterial Geometry," ISRN Biomathematics, vol. 2012, 2012.
[54] J. A. Brown and G. R. Lockwood, "A low-cost, high-performance pulse generator for ultrasound imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 49, pp. 848-851, 2002.
[55] R. Seip, C. T. Chin, C. S. Hall, B. I. Raju, A. Ghanem, and K. Tiemann, "Targeted ultrasound-mediated delivery of nanoparticles: on the development of a new HIFU-based therapy and imaging device," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 57, pp. 61-70, 2010.
[56] B. Burger, S. Bettinghausen, M. Radle, and J. Hesser, "Real-time GPU-based ultrasound simulation using deformable mesh models," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 32, pp. 609-618, 2013.
[57] W. Qiu, Y. Yu, F. K. Tsang, and L. Sun, "A multifunctional, reconfigurable pulse generator for high-frequency ultrasound imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 59, pp. 1558-1567, 2012.
[58] K. K. Shung, "High frequency ultrasonic imaging," Journal of Medical Ultrasound, vol. 17, pp. 25-30, 2009.
[59] R. Tur, Y. C. Eldar, and Z. Friedman, "Innovation rate sampling of pulse streams with application to ultrasound imaging," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 59, pp. 1827-1842, 2011.
[60] H. Liu, C. Jan, P. Chu, J. Hong, P. Lee, J. Hsu, C. Lin, C. Huang, P. Chen, and K. Wei, "Design and Experimental Evaluation of a 256-Channel Dual-Frequency Ultrasound Phased-Array System for Transcranial Blood-Brain Barrier Opening and Brain Drug Delivery," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2014.
[61] M. D. Sherar, B. G. Starkoski, W. B. Taylor, and F. S. Foster, "A 100 MHz B-scan ultrasound backscatter microscope," Ultrasonic Imaging, vol. 11, pp. 95-105, 1989.
[62] G. Gurun, J. S. Zahorian, A. Sisman, M. Karaman, P. E. Hasler, and F. Degertekin, "An Analog Integrated Circuit Beamformer for High-Frequency Medical Ultrasound Imaging," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 6, pp. 454-467, 2012.
[63] W. Qiu, Y. Yu, and L. Sun, "A programmable, cost-effective, real-time high frequency ultrasound imaging board based on high-speed FPGA," IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, pp. 1976-1979, 2010.
[64] F. S. Foster and J. W. Hunt, "The design and characterization of short pulse ultrasound transducers," Ultrasonics, vol. 16, pp. 116-122, 1978.
[65] J. A. Brown, Z. Torbatian, R. B. Adamson, R. Van Wijhe, R. J. Pennings, G. R. Lockwood, and M. L. Bance, "High-Frequency Ex vivo Ultrasound Imaging of the Auditory System," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 35, pp. 1899-1907, 2009.
[66] D. H. Turnbull, B. G. Starkoski, K. A. Harasiewicz, J. L. Semple, L. From, A. K. Gupta, D. N. Sauder, and F. S. Foster, "A 40-100 MHz B-scan ultrasound backscatter microscope for skin imaging," Ultrasound in mMedicine & Biology, vol. 21, pp. 79-88, 1995.
[67] M. Vogt, B. Paul, S. Scharenberg, R. Scharenberg, and H. Ermert, "Development of a high frequency ultrasound skin imaging system: Optimization utilizing time domain reflectometry and network analysis," IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, vol. 1, pp. 744-747, 2003.
[68] G. R. Lockwood, J. W. Hunt, and F. S. Foster, "The design of protection circuitry for high-frequency ultrasound imaging systems," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 38, pp. 48-55, 1991.
[69] W. Qiu, Y. Yu, F. K. Tsang, and L. Sun, "A programmable and compact open platform for ultrasound bio-microscope," IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings , pp. 1048-1051 ,2011.
[70] J. H. Liu, G. S. Jeng, T. K. Wu, and P. C. Li, "ECG triggering and gating for ultrasonic small animal imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 53, pp. 1590-1596, 2006.
[71] C. K. Yeh, S. Y. Su, C. C. Shen, and M. L. Li, "Dual high-frequency difference excitation for contrast detection," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 55, pp. 2164-2176, 2008.
[72] C. C. Shen, S. Y. Su, C. H. Cheng, and C. K. Yeh, "Dual-high-frequency ultrasound excitation on microbubble destruction volume," Ultrasonics, vol. 50, pp. 698-703, 2010.
[73] D. Maresca, K. Jansen, G. Renaud, G. Van Soest, X. Li, Q. Zhou, N. De Jong, K. K. Shung, and A. F. W. Van der Steen, "Intravascular ultrasound chirp imaging," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, p. 043703, 2012.
[74] M. R. Bosisio, J. M. Hasquenoph, L. Sandrin, P. Laugier, S. L. Bridal, and S. Yon, "Real-time chirp-coded imaging with a programmable ultrasound biomicroscope," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 57, pp. 654-664, 2010.
[75] G.-D. Kim, C. Yoon, S.-B. Kye, Y. Lee, J. Kang, Y. Yoo, and T.-K. Song, "A single FPGA-based portable ultrasound imaging system for point-of-care applications," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 59, pp. 1386-1394, 2012.
[76] U. Alqasemi, H. Li, A. Aguirre, and Q. Zhu, "FPGA-based reconfigurable processor for ultrafast interlaced ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 59, pp. 1344-1353, 2012.
[77] J. Park, C. Hu, and K. Shung, "Stand-alone front-end system for high-frequency, high-frame-rate coded excitation ultrasonic imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 58, pp. 2620-2630, 2011.
[78] J. P. Asen, J. I. Buskenes, C. C. Nilsen, A. Austeng, and S. Holm, "Implementing capon beamforming on a GPU for real-time cardiac ultrasound imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 61, pp. 76-85, 2014.
[79] J. M. Mann and M. J. Davies, "Vulnerable plaque relation of characteristics to degree of stenosis in human coronary arteries," Circulation, vol. 94, pp. 928-931, 1996.
[80] P. M. Rothwell, R. Gibson, and C. P. Warlow, "Interrelation between plaque surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis," Stroke, vol. 31, pp. 615-621, 2000.
[81] F. J. Klocke, "Measurements of coronary blood flow and degree of stenosis: current clinical implications and continuing uncertainties," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 1, pp. 31-41, 1983.
[82] J. H. M. Tordoir, H. G. de Bruin, H. Hoeneveld, B. C. Eikelboom, and P. J. Kitslaar, "Duplex ultrasound scanning in the assessment of arteriovenous fistulas created for hemodialysis access: comparison with digital subtraction angiography," Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 10, pp. 122-128, 1989.
[83] J. H. Chang, J. T. Yen, and K. K. Shung, "High-speed digital scan converter for high-frequency ultrasound sector scanners," Ultrasonics, vol. 48, pp. 444-452, 2008.
[84] C. K. Abbey, N. Q. Nguyen, and M. F. Insana, "Effects of frequency and bandwidth on diagnostic information transfer in ultrasonic B-Mode imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 59, pp. 1115-1126, 2012.
[85] W. D. Richard, "A new time-gain correction method for standard B-mode ultrasound imaging," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 8, pp. 283-285, 1989.
[86] C.-H. Chang, Y.-F. Chang, Y. Ma, and K. Shung, "Reliable estimation of virtual source position for SAFT imaging," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 60, pp. 356-363, 2013.
[87] T. L. Seng, M. Khalid, and R. Yusof, "Adaptive GRNN for the modelling of dynamic plants," IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, pp. 217-222, 2002.
[88] H. S. Chang, "Converging marriage in honey-bees optimization and application to stochastic dynamic programming," Journal of Global Optimization, vol. 35, pp. 423-441, 2006.
[89] C. Yang, X. Tu, and J. Chen, "Algorithm of marriage in honey bees optimization based on the wolf pack search," in Intelligent Pervasive Computing, 2007. IPC. The 2007 International Conference on, pp. 462-467, 2007.
[90] A. Ratnaweera, S. K. Halgamuge, and H. C. Watson, "Self-organizing hierarchical particle swarm optimizer with time-varying acceleration coefficients," IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 8, pp. 240-255, 2004.
[91] Y. L. Lin, W. D. Chang, and J. G. Hsieh, "A particle swarm optimization approach to nonlinear rational filter modeling," Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 34, pp. 1194-1199, 2008.
[92] C. H. Lin, Y. F. Chen, Y. C. Du, J. X. Wu, and T. Chen, "Chaos Synchronization Detector Combining Radial Basis Network for Estimation of Lower Limb Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease," Medical Biometrics: Second International Conference Proceedings, vol. 6165, p. 126, 2010.
[93] A. A. R. Kamal, J. B. Harness, G. Irving, and A. J. Mearns, "Skin photoplethysmography review," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 28, pp. 257-269, 1989.
[94] C. Loewe, M. Schoder, T. Rand, U. Hoffmann, J. Sailer, T. Kos, J. Lammer, and S. Thurnher, "Peripheral vascular occlusive disease: evaluation with contrast-enhanced moving-bed MR angiography versus digital subtraction angiography in 106 patients," American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 179, pp. 1013-1021, 2002.
[95] I. S. Muller, W. J. C. de Grauw, W. H. E. M. van Gerwen, M. L. Bartelink, H. J. M. van den Hoogen, and G. E. H. M. Rutten, "Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation in type 2 diabetic patients in Dutch primary health care," Diabetes Care, vol. 25, pp. 570-574, 2002.
[96] T. D. Pham, T. C. Thang, M. Oyama-Higa, and M. Sugiyama, "Mental-disorder detection using chaos and nonlinear dynamical analysis of photoplethysmographic signals," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol. 51, pp. 64-74, 2013.
[97] J. Y. David, S. A. Jones, and D. P. Giddens, "Modern spectral analysis techniques for blood flow velocity and spectral measurements with pulsed Doppler ultrasound," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 38, pp. 589-596, 1991.
[98] M. Nitzan, A. Babchenko, and B. Khanokh, "Verylow frequency variability in arterial blood pressure and blood volume pulse," Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 37, pp. 54-58, 1999.
[99] J.-Z. Zhou, J. Wu, F.-H. Fan, and C.-Y. Dong, "Design of Parameter Measure Device for Integrated Operational Amplifier (IOA) Based on MSP430F169," Journal of Southwest University of Science and Technology, vol. 2, pp. 59-62, 2006.
[100] L. M. Pecora and T. L. Carroll, "Synchronization in chaotic systems," Physical Review Letters, vol. 64, p. 821, 1990.
[101] U. Parlitz and L. Kocarev, "Synchronization of chaotic systems," Handbook of Chaos Control, pp. 271-303, 1999.
[102] O. Astrachan, "Bubble sort: an archaeological algorithmic analysis," in ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, pp. 1-5, 2003.
[103] J. Lu and X. Wu, "Synchronization of a unified chaotic system and the application in secure communication," Physics Letters A, vol. 305, pp. 365-370, 2002.
[104] R. Brown and N. F. Rulkov, "Synchronization of chaotic systems: Transverse stability of trajectories in invariant manifolds," Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, vol. 7, pp. 395-413, 1997.
[105] J. Eriksson, A. Dunkels, N. Finne, F. Osterlind, and T. Voigt, "Mspsim–an extensible simulator for msp430-equipped sensor boards," in Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), p. 27, 2007.