在以視覺和聽覺刺激作為材料的分散型注意力作業中，受試者在多重目標呈現時的反應往往比單一目標呈現時要迅速，這樣的現象稱為冗餘目標效應。過去的研究已發展諸多決策模式來解釋冗餘目標效應，包括獨立賽跑模式、共同激發模式、以及促進型交互賽跑模式等。獨立賽跑模式假設兩管道的訊息處理彼此不受影響，反應時間則由率先偵測到目標的管道所決定。共同激發模式假設兩管道的訊息必須先彙流到一個訊息整合單元，反應時間再由該系統的訊息累積所決定。促進型交互賽跑模式的機制與獨立賽跑模式類似，差別僅在於兩管道在處理過程中會接收來自另一管道的部份處理訊息，進而達到促進的效果。傳統方法根據雙重目標情況下的反應時間分配違反賽跑模式不等式（Miller, 1982）與否，來判斷決策模式是否較符合共同激發模式。但Townsend與Nozawa（1995）認為Miller的方法存在若干缺陷，並提出了系統性多因子技術作為替代的模式診斷方法。本研究採用系統性多因子技術來重新探討視覺與聽覺訊息在簡單反應、識別作業、同時知覺比對及延時知覺比對等四種不同的作業情境下的處理模式。與過往文獻所認為的共同激發模式相悖，本研究的結果認為受試者傾向採用促進型交互賽跑模式來處理視聽覺冗餘訊息。除此之外，本研究也觀察到不同受試者在不同作業下的個體差異。

In visual-auditory divided-attention tasks, responses are faster when multiple targets are presented than when only a target is presented. Such redundant-targets effect can be explained by various models, including the independent race model, where the signals are detected separately and independently within each channel (Raab, 1962), the coactive model, where the signal information are pooled before response initiation (Miller, 1982), or the interactive-facilitatory race model, where the signals are detected separately with channel interactions (Townsend and Wenger, 2004). As noted by Townsend and Nozawa (1995), the conventional method to test the violation of race model inequality is inappropriate in diagnosing the most-likely model. Instead, they proposed system factorial technology as an alternative for model inference of redundant-signals processing of two channels. In this thesis, four experiments were conducted to investigate the decision mechanism of simple visual and auditory events under simple detection, identification, simultaneous perceptual matching, and delayed perceptual matching tasks following SFT. Instead of coactivation, results of the four experiments favored interactive-facilitatory race model. Individual differences were observed among different participants and different tasks.

Altieri, N. (2010). Toward a Unified Theory of Audiovisual Integration in Speech Perception. Universal-Publishers.
Bernstein, I. H. (1970). Can we see and hear at the same time?: Some recent studies of intersensory facilitation of reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 33, 21-35.
Bays, P. M., & Wolpert, D. M. (2007). Computational principles of sensorimotor control that minimize uncertainty and variability. The Journal of physiology, 578(2), 387-396.
Blurton, S. P., Greenlee, M. W., & Gondan, M. (2014). Multisensory processing of redundant information in go/no-go and choice responses. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 76(4), 1212-1233.
Colavita, F. B. (1974). Human sensory dominance. Perception & Psychophysics, 16(2), 409-412.
Colonius, H. (1990). Possibly dependent probability summation of reaction time.Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 34(3), 253-275.
Colonius, H., & Diederich, A. (2012). Intersensory Facilitation. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 1635-1638.
Diederich, A., & Colonius, H. (1987). Intersensory facilitation in the motor component ? Psychological Research, 49(1), 23-29.
Diederich, A. (1995). Intersensory facilitation of reaction time: Evaluation of counter and diffusion coactivation models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 39(2), 197-215.
Diederich, A., & Colonius, H. (2004). Bimodal and trimodal multisensory enhancement: effects of stimulus onset and intensity on reaction time.Perception & psychophysics, 66(8), 1388-1404.
Duncan, J. (1980). The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological review, 87(3), 272.
Eidels, A., Houpt, J. W., Altieri, N., Pei, L., & Townsend, J. T. (2011). Nice guys finish fast and bad guys finish last: Facilitatory vs. inhibitory interaction in parallel systems. Journal of mathematical psychology, 55(2), 176-190.
Farell, B. (1985). " Same"–" different" judgments: A review of current controversies in perceptual comparisons. Psychological bulletin, 98(3), 419.
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007). The neural basis of decision making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 30, 535-574.
Gondan, M., Niederhaus, B., Rösler, F., & Röder, B. (2005). Multisensory processing in the redundant-target effect: a behavioral and event-related potential study. Perception & Psychophysics, 67(4), 713-726.
Gondan, M., Götze, C., & Greenlee, M. W. (2010). Redundancy gains in simple responses and go/no-go tasks. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(6), 1692-1709.
Hecht, D., Reiner, M., & Karni, A. (2008). Multisensory enhancement: gains in choice and in simple response times. Experimental Brain Research, 189(2), 133-143.
Houpt, J. W., & Townsend, J. T. (2010). The statistical properties of the survivor interaction contrast. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 54(5), 446-453.
Houpt, J. W., & Townsend, J. T. (2011). An extension of SIC predictions to the Wiener coactive model. Journal of mathematical psychology, 55(3), 267-270.
Houpt, J. W., Blaha, L. M., McIntire, J. P., Havig, P. R., & Townsend, J. T. (2013). Systems factorial technology with R. Behavior research methods.
Koene, A. R., & Zhaoping, L. (2007). Feature-specific interactions in salience from combined feature contrasts: Evidence for a bottom–up saliency map in V1.Journal of Vision, 7(7), 6.
Körding, K. (2007). Decision theory: what" should" the nervous system do?.Science, 318(5850), 606-610.
Körding, K. P., & Wolpert, D. M. (2007). Bayesian statistics and utility functions in sensorimotor control. Bayesian brain: Probabilistic approaches to neural coding, 299-316.
Krummenacher, J., Müller, H. J., & Heller, D. (2001). Visual search for dimensionally redundant pop-out targets: Evidence for parallel-coactive processing of dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(5), 901-917.
Meijers, L. M. M., & Eijkman, E. G. J. (1977). Distributions of simple RT with single and double stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics, 22(1), 41-48.
Miller, J. (1982). Divided attention: Evidence for coactivation with redundant signals. Cognitive psychology, 14(2), 247-279.
Miller, J. (1986). Timecourse of coactivation in bimodal divided attention.Perception & Psychophysics, 40(5), 331-343.
Miller, J., & Reynolds, A. (2003). The locus of redundant-targets and nontargets effects: evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(6), 1126.
Mordkoff, J. T., & Yantis, S. (1991). An interactive race model of divided attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(2), 520.
Mulligan, R. M., & Shaw, M. L. (1980). Multimodal signal detection: Independent decisions vs. integration. Perception & Psychophysics, 28(5), 471-478.
Nickerson, R. S. (1972). Binary-classification reaction time: A review of some studies of human information-processing capabilities. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements.
Nickerson, R. S. (1973). Intersensory facilitation of reaction time: energy summation or preparation enhancement?. Psychological review, 80(6), 489.
Otto, T. U., Dassy, B., & Mamassian, P. (2013). Principles of multisensory behavior. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(17), 7463-7474.
Patching, G. R., & Quinlan, P. T. (2004). Cross-modal integration of simple auditory and visual events. Perception & psychophysics, 66(1), 131-140.
Poom, L. (2009). Integration of colour, motion, orientation, and spatial frequency in visual search. Perception, 38(5), 708.
Poom, L. (2011). Motion and color generate coactivation at postgrouping identification stages. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(6), 1833-1842.
Ratcliff, R. (1988). A note on mimicking additive reaction time models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32(2), 192-204.
Schwarz, W. (1989). A new model to explain the redundant-signals effect.Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 46(5), 498-500.
Schwarz, W. (1994). Diffusion, superposition, and the redundant-targets effect.Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 38(4), 504-520.
Schröger, E., & Widmann, A. (1998). Speeded responses to audiovisual signal changes result from bimodal integration. Psychophysiology, 35(6), 755-759.
Sinnett, S., Soto-Faraco, S., & Spence, C. (2008). The co-occurrence of multisensory competition and facilitation. Acta psychologica, 128(1), 153-161.
Stein, B. E., Meredith, M. A., Huneycutt, W. S., & McDade, L. (1989). Behavioral indices of multisensory integration: orientation to visual cues is affected by auditory stimuli. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(1), 12-24.
Sternberg, S. (1998). Inferring mental operations from reaction-time data: How we compare objects. An invitation to cognitive science, 4, 365-454.
Taylor, D. A. (1976). Effect of identity in the multiletter matching task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(3), 417.
Todd, J. W. (1912). Reaction to multiple stimuli (No. 25). Science Press.
Townsend, J. T. (1971). A note on the identifiability of parallel and serial processes. Perception & Psychophysics, 10(3), 161-163.
Townsend, J. T., & Ashby, F. G. (1983). The stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. CUP Archive.
Townsend, J. T., & Nozawa, G. (1995). Spatio-temporal properties of elementary perception: An investigation of parallel, serial, and coactive theories. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 39(4), 321-359.
Townsend, J. T., & Nozawa, G. (1997). Serial exhaustive models can violate the race model inequality: Implications for architecture and capacity. Psychological Review, 104(3), 595.
Townsend, J. T., & Wenger, M. J. (2004). A theory of interactive parallel processing: new capacity measures and predictions for a response time inequality series. Psychological review, 111(4), 1003.
Töllner, T., Zehetleitner, M., Krummenacher, J., & Müller, H. J. (2011). Perceptual basis of redundancy gains in visual pop-out search. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(1), 137-150.
Van Zandt, T., & Ratcliff, R. (1995). Statistical mimicking of reaction time data: Single-process models, parameter variability, and mixtures. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(1), 20-54.
Van Zandt, T. (2002). Analysis of response time distributions. Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology.
Zehetleitner, M., Krummenacher, J., & Müller, H. J. (2009). The detection of feature singletons defined in two dimensions is based on salience summation, rather than on serial exhaustive or interactive race architectures. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71(8), 1739-1759.
Zehetleitner, M., Müller, H. J., & Krummenacher, J. (2008). What the redundant-signal paradigm reveals about preattentive visual processing. Frontiers in Biology, 14, 5279-5293.