多氯戴奧辛(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDDs)及多氯呋喃(poly- chlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDFs)是目前倍受重視之持久性有機污染物。在都市垃圾焚化廠運轉的過程中，多氯戴奧辛及多氯呋喃(PCDD/Fs)將隨著焚化廠煙囪的排氣，以氣相及附著於懸浮微粒表面之固相隨大氣乾濕沉降與擴散的方式進入環境中。在土壤中戴奧辛含量可以做為某地區暴露戴奧辛的長期指標，而植物中的戴奧辛濃度則可以界定某地區在植物生長期間的戴奧辛暴露量的短期指標。
本研究欲調查都市垃圾焚化廠周界環境之空氣、植物及土壤中戴奧辛含量濃度資料，以了解戴奧辛在空氣-土壤、空氣-植物、土壤-植物之傳輸情形，因此選取都市垃圾焚化廠周界環境之植物(榕樹葉、牧草)及土壤為對象，依據USEPA M1613B之方法與規範，進行前處理後，利用高解析氣相層析儀/高解析質譜儀（HRGC/HRMS）進行分析以獲得各介質之戴奧辛濃度資料。
本研究進行三季各項環境樣本之採樣與分析，分別得到土壤、榕樹葉、牧草各12個與空氣樣本24個。在空氣採樣期間的最主要風向為北風，平均溫度分別為29.1 ℃、23.5 ℃及21.4 ℃。空氣中PCDD/Fs平均濃度為0.114 (0.069-0.187)pg I-TEQ/Nm3，氣、固相樣本PCDD/Fs平均濃度分別為0.073(0.046-0.106)pg I-TEQ/Nm3、0.041(0.015-0.084)pg I-TEQ/ Nm3，而牧草中PCDD/Fs平均濃度為1.332(0.224-3.405)pg I-TEQ/g，榕樹葉中PCDD/Fs平均濃度為4.049(0.823-8.007) pg I-TEQ/g，土壤中PCDD/Fs平均濃度為5.524(0.486-24.016)pg I-TEQ/ g。各項環境介質在顯宮國小之樣本均得到較高之濃度值，推究其原因與當地之五氯酚污染有關。
同源物、同族物分布之比對方面，空氣固相及總濃度分別與土壤比對之結果發現在安佃國小、土城國小及建功國小之分布比例較為相似，推測在這兩點之土壤中戴奧辛的主要來源為大氣沉降所致，而在顯宮之分布則有較大之差異，推測在這兩點的土壤中PCDD/Fs可能來自其他的污染源；在空氣氣相與榕樹葉之比對結果發現除了在OCDD部分有較大差異外，其他同源物的分布比例是類似的，因此推測在榕樹葉內的低氯數PCDD/Fs可能來自氣孔吸收空氣中氣相之PCDD/Fs所致；在空氣氣固相與牧草之比對結果顯示其分布比例有相似之情形，顯示牧草中高氯數之PCDD/Fs來自與當地固相空氣沉降並附著於表面或藉氣孔吸入小微粒所致牧草中高氯數之PCDD/Fs來自與當地固相空氣沉降並附著於表面或藉氣孔吸入小微粒所致，而低氯數之PCDD/Fs則來自氣相空氣沉降並經氣孔吸收而來。

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are important persistent organic pollutants. Literatures showed that PCDD/Fs exist in the exhaust and fly ash from the municipal waste incinerators (MWIs). Due to the dry/wet deposition and dispersion, PCDD/Fs transfer from stack exhaust into the environmental matrices (such as air, vegetations and soils). Levels of PCDD/Fs in soils can be used to describe long-term exposure. Levels of PCDD/Fs in vegetations can bring information on the short-term exposure.
The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of PCDD/Fs in soil, vegetation and air samples collected in the vicinity of a MWI and compare the patterns of PCDD/F congeners in vegetation, soil, and air, which were collected in the same sampling sites to estimate the dispersion and transformation of environmental matrices. Four sampling sites in the vicinity of the MWI were selected and 4 soil, 4 grass, 4 leaf and 8 air samples were collected at each season. After the extraction and cleanup procedures, the quantification of PCDD/Fs is performed with HRGC/HRMS.
All the samples of soil/vegetation and air at four sites were collected and analyzed completely. During the 3 times collection of air sample, the main wind direction is north wind and the averaged temperature is 29.1℃, 23.5 ℃ and 21.4 ℃, respectively. Average and range of PCDD/Fs levels in soil samples were 5.524(0.486-24.016) pg I-TEQ/g, leaves samples were 4.049(0.823-8.007) pg I-TEQ/g, grasses samples were 1.332(0.224-3.405) pg I-TEQ/g and air samples were 0.114(0.069~0.187) pg I-TEQ/Nm3. Because of soil highly polluted by pentachlorophenol (PCP), levels and patterns of PCDD/Fs collected from Xian-Gong were dissimilar with samples collected from the other three sampling sites. According to the comparison of congener and homologue profiles between particle phase of ambient air samples and soil samples, there are similar congener patterns between particle phase and soil were found in An-Dian, Tu-Cheng and Jian-Gong. It conjectured that soil rebounding dominated the particle phase concentrations of ambient air because of the high wind speed (>2.5 m/s). The levels of soil samples in Xian-Gong were higher than the other two sampling sites. According to the pattern of congeners, soil samples in Xian-Gong and An-Dian may be contaminated by pentachlorophenol and open fire of strew respectively. Comparison of the pattern of congeners in gas phase and leaf revealed that it was similar to most congeners besides OCDD. Guess that the major route of PCDD/Fs transfer to leaves tissue was through the stoma absorption from gas phase PCDD/Fs in the air. Furthermore, the patterns of congeners between air (gas/particle phase) and grass were partially alike. The data shows that grasses absorbed the gaseous PCDFs and the PCDDs in the grass may came from the deposition of airborne particulate.

Agramunt M.C., Nadal M., Schuhmacher M., Rodríguez-Larena M.C., Domingo J. L., Díaz-Ferrero J., [2002]. PCDD/PCDF in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator in Catalonia, Spain. II. Levels in herbage. Organohalogen compounds 58, 457-460.
Alcock R.E., Sweetman A.J., Jones K.C., [2001]. A congener-specific PCDD/F emissions inventory for the UK: do current estimates account for the measured atmospheric burden? Chemosphere 43, 183-194.
Ahlborg U.G., Brouwer A., Fingerhut M.A., Jacobson J.L., Jacobson S.W., Kennedy S.W., Kettrup A.A.F., Koeman J.H., Poiger H., Rappe C., Safe S.H., Seegal R.F., Tuomisto J., Vandenber G.M., [1992]. Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on human and environmental-health, with special emphasis on application of the toxic equivalency factor concept. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 228, 179-199.
Birnaum L.S., [1994]. The mechanism of dioxin toxicity: relationship to risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 102, 157-167.
Braga A.M.C.B., Krauss T., Santos C.R.R., Souza P.M., [2002]. PCDD/F contamination in the hexachlorocyclohexane waste site in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Chemosphere 46, 1329-1333.
Broman D., Naf C., Zebuhr Y., [1991]. Long-term high- and low-volume air sampling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1841-1850.
Bruzy L.P., Hites R.A., [1995]. Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2090-2098.
Buckley-Golder D., Coleman P., Davies M., King K., Petersen A., Watterson J., Woodfield M., Fiedler H., Hanberget A., [1999]. Compilcation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data, European Commission DG Environment and UK Department of the Environmental Transport and the Regions.
Cleverly D., Schaum J., Winters D., Schweer G., [1999]. Inventory of sources and releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States. Organohalogen compounds 41, 467-470.
Coleman P.J., Donovan B.J., Campbell G.W., Watterson J.D., Jones K.C., Lee R.G.M., Peters A.J., [1998]. Result from the toxic organic micropollutants (TOMPS) network: 1991 to 1997. Report produced for DETR.
diDomenico A., Cerlesi S., Ratti S., [1990]. A two-exponential model to describe the vanishing trend of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in the soil at Seveso, Norther Italy. Chemosphere 20, 1559-1566.
Domingo J.L., Schuhmacher M., Müller L., Rivera J., Granero S., Liobet J.M., [2000]. Evaluating the environmental impact of an old municipal waste incinerator: PCDD/F levels in soil and vegetation samples. Journal of Hazardous Materials A76, 1-12.
Domingo J.L., Schuhmacher M., Llobet J.M., Müller L., Rivera J., [2001]. PCDD/F concentrations in soil and vegetation in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator after a pronounced decrease in the emissions of PCDD/Fs from the facility. Chemosphere 43, 217-226.
Domingo J.L., Schuhmacher M., Agramunt M.C., Llobet J.M., Rivera J., Müller L., [2002]. PCDD/F levels in the neighborhood of a municipal solid waste incinerator after introduction of technical improvements in the facility. Environment International 28, 19-27.
Dwernychuk L.W., Cau H.D., Hatfield C.T., Boivin T.O., Hung T.M., Dung P.T., Thai N.D., [2002]. Dioxin reservoirs in southern Viet Nam-a legacy of Agent Orange. Chemosphere 47, 117-137.
Dyke P.H., Foan C., Wenborn M. and Coleman P.J., [1997]. A review of dioxin releases to land and water in the UK. Sci. Total. Environ. 207, 119-131.
Eduljee G.H., Gair A.J., [1996]. Validation of methodology for modeling PCDD and PCDF intake via the foodchain. Sci. Total. Environ. 187, 211-229.
Eduljee G.H., Dyke P., [1996]. An updated inventory of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the UK. The Science of the Total Environment 177, 303-321.
Eitzer B.D, Hites R.A. [1988]. Vapor pressures of chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 1362-1364.
Eitzer B.D., Hites R.A. [1989]. Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23: 1396-1401.
European POPs Expert Team, [2002]. Preparatory Actions in the Field of Dioxins and PCBs. European Commission, Brussels, final report, April. 2002.
Facchetti S., Balasso A., Fichtner C., Frare G., Leoni A., Mauri C., Vasconi M., [1986]. Studies on the absorption of TCDD by some plants. Chemosphere 15: 1387-1388.
Fiedler H., Hutzinger O., Timms C., [1990]. Dioxins: Sources of environmental load and human exposure. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 29, 157-234.
Fiedler H., Hutzinger O., [1992]. Sources and sinks of dioxins: Germany. Chemosphere 25, 1487-1491.
Fiedler H., [1996]. Sources of PCDD/PCDF and impact on the environment. Chemosphere 32, 335-348.
Fiedler H., Cheung C.K., Wing M.H., [2002]. PCDD/PCDF, chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas. Chemosphere 46, 1429-1433.
Fries G.H., [1995]. A review of the significance of animal food products as potential pathways of human exposure to dioxins. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1639-1650.
Friesen K.J., Vilk J., Muir D.C.G., [1990]. Aqueous solubilities of selected 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Chemosphere 20, 27-32.
FSA, [2001]. U.K. Food Standards Agency, First report: dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods from farms close to Pyres, 05.07.2001.
Gaus C., Päpke O., Dennison N., Hzynes D., Shaw G.R., Connell D.W., Müller J.F., [2001]. Evidence for the presence of a widespread PCDD source in coastal sediments and soils form Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere 43, 544-548.
Germain A., Chiu C., Poole G., [2001]. Use of pine needles for the identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans sources to air in the Jonquière area. Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Branch, Québec Region.
Gray A.P., Dipinto V.M., Solomon I.J., [1976]. Synthesis of specific polychlorinated dibenzofurans. J Org Chem 41, 2428-2434.
Hippelein M., Kaupp H., Dörr G., McLachlan M., Hutzinger O., [1996]. Baseline contamination assessment for a new resource recovery facility in Germany. Part II: atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/F. Chemosphere 32, 1605-1616.
Holoubek I., Korinek P., Seda Z., Schneiderova E., Holoubkova I., Pacl A., Triska J., Cudlin P., [2000]. The use of mosses and pine needles to detect atmospheric persistent organic pollutants at the local and regional scale. Environ. Pollut. 109, 283-292.
HSDB. [1995]. Hazardous Substance Databank. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. March 13, 1993.
Hülster A., Marschner H., [1993]. Transfer of PCDD/PCDF from contaminated soils to food and fodder crop plants. Chemosphere 27, 439-446.
Hülster A., Müller J.F., Marschner H., [1994]. Soil plant transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to vegetables of the cucumber family Cucurbitaceae . Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1110-1115.
IARC. [1977]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: Some fumigants, the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and miscellaneous industrial chemicals. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monogr 15, 41-102.
Jones K.C., Duarte-Davidson R., [1997]. Transfer of airborne PCDD/F to bulk deposition collector and herbage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2937-2943.
Kakareka S., Kukharchyk T., 2002. Expert Estimates of PCDD/F and PCB Emissions for Some European Countries. MSC-E Technical Note, June 2002.
Kjeller L.O., Jones K.C., Johnson A.E., Rappe C., [1991]. Increases in the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan content of soils and vegetation since the 1840s. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25,1619-1627.
Kjeller L.O., Jones K.C., Johnson A.E., Rappe C., [1996] Evidence for a decline in atmospheric emissions of chlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1397-1403.
Komossa D., Langebartels C., Sandermann Jr H., [1995]. Metabolic processes for organic chemicals in plants. I: Trapp, S. & Mc Farlane, C. (editorer), Plant Contamination- Modeling and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes. Lewis Pub., Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 69-103.
Kuroki H., Haraguchi K., Masuda Y., [1984]. Synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzofuran isomers and their gas chromatographic profiles. Chemosphere 13, 561-573.
Kuwahara M., Uegaki R., Seike N, [2002]. Possible Pathways of Dioxin Accumulation to the Above-ground Portions of Rice Plants Grown in Contaminated Soils. Organohalogen Compounds 58, 57-60.
Lohmann R. and Jones K.C., [1998]. Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: A review of levels, behavior and processes. Sci. Total. Environ. 219, 53-81.
Lohmann R., Robert G.M. Lee, Nicholas J.L. Green, Kevin C. Jones, [2000]. Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in daily air samples. Atmospheric Environment 34, 2529-2537.
Lorber M., Cleverly D., Schaum J., Phillips L., Schweer G., Leighton T., [1994]. Development and validation of an air-to-beef food chain model for dioxin-like compounds. Sci. Total. Environ. 156, 39-65.
Lorber M., Pinsky P., Gehring P., Braverman C., Winters D., Sovocool W., [1998]. Relationships between dioxins in soil, air, ash, and emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator emitting large amounts of dioxins. Chemosphere 37, 2173-2197.
Mandalakis M., Tsapakis M., Tsoga A., Stephanou E.G., [2002]. Gas-particle concentrations and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece). Atmospheric Environment 36, 4023-4035.
Martínez M., Díaz-Ferrero J., Martí, R., Broto-Puig F., Comellas L., Rodríguez-Larena M.C., [2000]. Analysis of dioxin-like compounds in vegetation and soil samples burned in Catalan forest fires. Comparison with the corresponding unburned material. Chemosphere 41, 1927-1935.
McCrady J.K., McFarlane C., Gander L.K., [1990]. The transport and fate of 2,3,7, 8-TCDD in soybean and corn. Chemosphere 21, 359-376.
McLachlan M.S., [1997]. A simple model to predict the accumulation of PCDD/Fs in an agricultural food chain. Chemosphere 34, 1263-1276.
Meneses M., Agramunt M. C., Nadal M., Schuhmacher M., Domingo J. L., de Kok H. A.M., [2002]. Monitoring PCDD/F concentrations in herbage samples near a municipal waste incinerator. Organohalogen compounds 58, 429-432.
Miyata H., [1997]. Assessment of air pollution by PCDDs and PCDFs in Taiwan banyan leaf as a biomonitoring indicator. Organohalogen compounds.
Miyata H., Takamitsu S., Iwata N., Nakao T., Aozasa O., Ohta S., [2000]. Investigation on assessment of air pollution by dioxin analogues using Japanese black pine needle as an indicator. Organohalogen compounds 46, 373-376.
Mukerjee D., [1998]. Health Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: a critical review. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association 48, 157-165.
Müller J.F., Hülster A., Päpke O., Ball M., Marschner H., [1993]. Transfer pathways of PCDD/PCDF to fruits. Chemosphere 27, 195-201.
Nakamura M., Suda R., Matsueda T., Kurokawa Y., Takada S., Fukamachi K., [1995]. Uptake of PCDDs and PCDFs by radish plant. Organohalogen Compounds 24, 497-500.
Nakao T., Aozawa O., Ohta S., Miyata H., [1998]. Real situation of environmental pollution in Saitama Prefecture by dioxin analogues by using black pine needle. Organohalogen compounds 39, 347-350.
Ockenden W.A., Steinnes E., Parker C., Jones K.C., [1998]. Observations on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in plants: implication for their use as passive air sampler and for global POPs cycling. Exviron. Sci. Technol. 33, 2864-2871.
Ok G., Ji S.H., Kim S.J., Kim Y.K., Park J.H., Kim Y.S., Han Y.H., [2002]. Monitoring of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans of pine needles in Korea. Chemosphere 46, 1351-1357.
Oile K., Vermeulen P.L., Hutzinger O., [1977]. Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chloro- dibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in the Netherlands. Chemosphere 6, 455-459.
Pacyna J.M. and J. Munch [1991] Anthropogenic mercury emission in Europe. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 56, 51-61.
Park J.S., Kim J.G., [2002]. Regional measurements of PCDD/PCDF concentrations in Korean atmosphere and comparison with gas-particle partitioning models. Chemosphere 49, 755-764.
Phuong N. T. N., Thuy T. T., Phuong P. K., [1989]. An estimate of reproductive abnormalities in women inhabiting herbicide sprayed and non-herbicide sprayed areas in the south of Vietnam, 1952-1981. Chemosphere 18, 843-846.
Prange J.A., Gaus C., Päpke O., Müller J.F., [2002]. Investigations into the PCDD contamination of topsoil, river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere 46, 1335-1342.
Rappe C., [1992]. Sources of PCDDs and PCDFs. Introduction: Reaction, levels, patterns, profiles and trends. Chemosphere 25, 41-44.
Roeder R.A., Garber M.J. and Schelling G.T., [1998]. Assessment of dioxins in foods from animal origins. Journal of Animal Science 76, 142-151.
Rordorf B.F. [1989]. Prediction of vapor pressures, boiling points and enthalpies of fusion for twenty-nine halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and fifty-five dibenzofurans by vapor pressure correlation method. Chemosphere 18, 783-788.
Safe S., Brown K.W., Donnelly K.C., Anderson C.S., Markiewicz K.V., McLachlan M.S., Reischl A. and Hutzinger O., [1992]. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans associated with wood-preserving chemical sites : biomonitoring with pine Needles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 394-396.
Sax N.I., Lewis R.J., [1987]. Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold 11, 886.
Schröder J., Welsch-Pausch K., McLachlan M.S., [1997]. Measurement of atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and dibenzofurans(PCDFs) to a soil. Atmospheric Environment 31, 2983-2989.
Schroy J.M., Hileman F.D., Cheng S.C., [1985]. Physical/chemical properties of 2,3,7,8-TCDD(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Chemosphere 14, 877-880.
Schuhmacher M., Domingo J.L., Liobet J.M., Müller L., Jager J., [1997]. Levels of PCDD/Fs in grasses and weeds collected near a municipal solid waste incinerator. Sci. Total. Environ. 201, 53-62.
Schuhmacher M., Granero S., Xifó A., Domingo J.L., Rivera J., Eljarrat E., [1998a] Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere 37, 2127-2137.
Schuhmacher M., Domingo J.L., Liobet J.M., Süenderhauf W., Müller L., [1998b]. Temporal variation of PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator (1996-1997). Sci. Total. Environ. 218, 175-183.
Schuhmacher M., Domingo J.L., Llobet J.M., Müller L., Sünderhauf W., Jager J., [1998c]. Baseline levels of PCDD/Fs in vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator in Catalonia, Spain. Chemosphere 36, 2581-2591.
Schuhmacher M., Domingo J.L., Granero S., Liobet J.M., Eljarrat E., Rivera J., [1999] Soil monitoring in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator: temporal variation of PCDD/Fs. Chemosphere 39, 419-429.
Schuhmacher M., Granero S., Rivera J., Müller L., Liobet J.M., Domingo J.L., [2000]. Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs near an old municipal solid waste incinerator: levels in soil and vegetation. Chemosphere 40, 593-600.
Schuhmacher M., Bocio A., Agramunt M.C., Domingo J.L., de Kok H. A.M., [2002]. PCDD/F and metal concentrations in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a cement plant. Chemosphere 48, 209-217.
Shatalov V., Malanichev A., Vulykh N., Berg T. and Manø S., [2001]. Assessment of POP Transport and Accumulation in the Environment. EMEP Report 7/2002.
Shiu W.Y., Doucette W., Gobas F.A.P.C., [1988]. Physical-chemical properties of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 651-658.
Sijm D.T.H.M., Wever H., DeVries P.J., [1989]. Octanol-water partition coefficients of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: Experimental values determined with a stirring method. Chemosphere 19, 263-266.
Sin W.M. Della, Choi Y.Y. Jacky, Louie K.K. Peter, [2002]. A study of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Hong Kong. Chemosphere 47, 647-653.
Sinkkonen S. and Paasivirta J., [2000]. Degradation half-life times of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs for environmental fate modeling. Chemosphere 40, 943-949.
Smith Kilian E.C., Jones Kevin C., [2000]. Particles and vegetation: implications for the transfer of particle-bound organic contaminants to vegetation. Sci. Total. Environ. 246, 207-236.
Taiz L., ZeigerE., [2002]. Plant Physiology 3rd Edition Chapter 4, 59-65. Sinauer Associates nc. Massachusettes.
Trapp S., Matthies M., [1997]. Modeling volatilization of PCDD/F from soil and uptake into vegetation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 71-74.
Tysklind M., Fängmark I., Marklund S., Lindskog A., Thaning L., Rappe C., [1993]. Atmospheric transport and transformation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2190-2197.
U.S. EPA, [1994]. Health assessment document for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Volume III.
U.S. EPA, [1994]. Office of Water Engineering and Analysis Division, October 1994. Method 1613, Revision B: Tetra-through octa-chlorinated dioxins and furans by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS.
U.S. EPA, [1999]. Compendium Method TO-9A: Determination of polychlorinated, polybrominated and brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air. Second Edition.
U. S. EPA, [2000]. Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetra- chlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds. Part I: Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds. Volume 3: Properties, Environmental Levels, and Background Exposures. EPA/600/P-00/001Ac.
Van den Berg M., L. Birnbaum, A.T.C. Bosveld, B. Brunstrom, P. Cook, M. Feeley, J.P. Giesy, A. Hanberg, R. Hasegawa, S.W. Kennedy, T. Kubiak, J.C. Larsen, F.X.R. van Leeuwen, A.K.D. Liem, C. Nolt, R.E. Peterson, L. Poellinger, S. Safe, D. Schrenk, D. Tillit, M. Tyskland, M. Younes, F. Waern, T. Zacharewski, [1998]. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife, Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 775-792.
Wagrowski D.M., Hites R.A.,[1997]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in urban, suburban, and rural vegetation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 279-282.
Wallenhorst T.H., Krauss P., Hagenmaier H.,[1997]. PCDD/F in ambient air and deposition in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Chemosphere 34, 1369-1378.
Watanabe, S., Kitamura, K., Nagahashi, M., 1999. Effects of dioxins on human health: a review. Journal of Epidemiology 9, 1-13.
Webster G.R.B., Friesen K.L., Sarna L.P., [1985]. Environmental fate modelling of chlorodioxins: Determination of physical constants. Chemosphere 14, 609-622.
Weiss P., Moche W., Thanner G., [1997]. PCDD/F in spruce needles and soils of background forest sites in Austria. Organohalogen compounds 32, 112-117.
Weiss P., Lorber G., Scharf S., [2000]. Regional aspects and statistical characterisation of the loas with semivolatile organic compounds at remote Austrian forest sites. Chemosphere 40, 1159-1171.
Welsch-Pausch K, McLachlan M.S., Umlauf G., [1995]. Determination of the principal pathways of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to Lolium multiflorum Welsh Rye. grass . Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1090-1098.
Welsch-Pausch K., McLachlan M.S., [1996]. Pathways of atmospheric PCDD/F to a native grassland culture: the importance of particle bound deposition. Organohalogen Compounds 28, 72-75.
Wevers M., and De Fre R., [1995]. Estimated evolution of dioxin emissions in Belgium from 1985 to 1995. Presented at, 15th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds. Organohalogen compounds 24, 105-108.

蕭素碧，許福星，許進德，羅國棟，「台灣禾豆科牧草種原」。台灣省畜產試驗所，第14號專輯，中華民國八十四年。

行政院環境保護署，永康垃圾焚化廠周邊戴奧辛背景資料之建立，中華民國八十七年。

台北市政府環境保護局木柵垃圾焚化廠委外研究計畫，木柵垃圾焚化廠週遭環境之危險因子評估委外研究計畫，中華民國八十九年十一月。

行政院環境保護署，樹林焚化爐週界空氣中及植物、土壤戴奧辛含量濃度資料之建立專案工作計畫。中華民國八十九年十二月。計畫編號：EPA-89-FA12-03-334。

行政院環境保護署，木柵、新店及桃南垃圾焚化爐週界空氣中及植物、土壤戴奧辛含量濃度資料之建立。中華民國九十年一月。計畫編號：EPA-89-FA12-03-257。

行政院環境保護署，台北縣八里、彰化縣溪洲、嘉義縣鹿草、高雄縣岡山、屏東縣崁頂、台南市城西、台北市北投及內湖等八座垃圾焚化廠周界空氣中及植物、土壤戴奧辛濃度資料之建立專案工作計畫。中華民國九十一年七月。計畫編號：EPA-90-FA12-03-133。
行政院環境保護署公報，「土壤採樣方法」，NIEA S102.60B，環境檢驗所，中華民國九十年。

行政院環境保護署公報，「空氣中戴奧辛及呋喃採樣方法」，NIEA A809.10B，環境檢驗所，中華民國九十年。

行政院環境保護署公報，「空氣中戴奧辛及呋喃檢驗方法」，NIEA A810.10B，環境檢驗所，中華民國九十年。

張榮偉、廖寶琦、李俊璋，中華民國九十年七月，「都市垃圾焚化爐周界空氣中戴奧辛之氣固相分布研究」，碩士論文，國立成功大學環境醫學研究所。

黃柏菁、廖寶琦、李俊璋，中華民國九十一年七月，「都市垃圾焚化爐周界空氣中多氯戴奧辛與多氯呋喃之氣固相分布研究」，碩士論文，國立成功大學環境醫學研究所。

榮民工程股份有限公司，中華民國九十一年九月，「大發事業廢棄物處理廠周圍戴奧辛背景濃度調查暨暴露評估研究計畫」。

鍾仁棋，中華民國九十一年七月，「台灣地區農業土壤戴奧辛之調查研究」，環境檢驗雙月刊，行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所。第43期 P.25~P33。

台東縣環保局，台東市地區垃圾焚化廠周界空氣中及植物、土壤戴奧辛含量濃度調查及分析計畫，2002。