背景：疾病與老化影響高齡者有極高風險失去日常生活活動自理的能力，進而喪失其獨立性，但高齡者喪失的功能是否可以經由生理層次外因子的影響而能促進功能的回復？為探究高齡者接受機構照顧後可能對其功能表現有正向影響的因子，本研究從社會生態學理論提出的恢復性照顧模式定義出「高齡者日常生活活動自我效能」、「照顧者照顧態度」與「支持性物理環境設置」三項與高齡者功能表現相關的變項進行研究。
研究目的：探究「高齡者日常生活活動自我效能」、「照顧者日常生活活動照顧態度」與「支持性物理環境設置」與機構高齡者功能表現間的相關性。
研究方法：採橫斷式研究設計，研究對象為接受機構照顧的失能高齡者，採方便取樣選擇台南市規模49床以上之大型養護機構為抽樣單位，共於5家機構中收案53人。研究工具為自擬結構式量化問卷，內容與資料蒐集方法包括由回溯病歷資料取得「個人屬性資料」、由研究者進行一對一訪談詢問研究對象自覺的「日常生活活動自我效能」、「照顧者日常生活活動照顧態度」，與「支持性物理環境設置」，及由研究者觀察或訪談評估的「高齡者功能表現」五大部分。資料分析以統計軟體SPSS 17.0進行，使用皮爾森相關係數、線性迴歸與二元羅吉斯迴歸統計方法進行資料分析。
結果：本研究對象以女性居多，佔66%；平均年齡為81.87±7.29歲，以85~90歲人數最多佔34%；教育程度以小學/小學肄業人數最多佔34%，入住機構前的居住型態以與他人同住居多，佔62.3%；居住機構的時間平均為47.87±28.96月，其中居住時間長於50個月的人數佔32.1%最多；過去三個月多數未有住院情形，佔41%；過去三個月多數也未曾發生跌倒，佔45%；十項重要影響失能的疾病診斷罹病數平均1.83±1.01項，以2項人數最多佔35.8%，主要為視力缺損(62.3%)及心血管疾患(47.2%)；入住時認知狀態評估結果多數皆無異常，佔88.7%；入住機構時功能狀態巴氏量表分數平均得分65±26.64分，以失能等級劃分以嚴重依賴者最多，佔41.5%；日常生活活動功能中以僅1項功能獨立者最多，佔43.4%，其中進食功能獨立者有94%、移位功能獨立者有39.6%、如廁功能獨立者有49.1%，及洗澡功能獨立者有24.5%。在相關性分析中，個人屬性資料中唯「入住時認知狀態」(t=2.024, p= .048) 與「入住機構時功能狀態」(χ2=15.364, p= .004) 變項與高齡者日常生活功能表現達顯著相關；而恢復性照顧三層次因子中「高齡者日常生活活動自我效能」(r= .859, p< .01)、「照顧者照顧態度」(r= .493, p< .01)，及「支持性機構物理環境設置」(r= .399, p <.05) 與高齡者日常生活活動功能皆呈顯著正相關結果。在控制個人屬性資料後，長期照顧機構失能高齡者個人日常生活活動自我效能、照顧服務員照顧態度，及長期照顧設施物理環境設置能預測失能高齡者日常生活活動功能表現的假設下，投入迴歸分析的九項預測變項，可以解釋85.1%的變異量，但僅「日常活動自我效能」 (β= .699, R2= .803, p = .000)及「照顧者照顧態度」(β= .261, R2= .048, p= .001)為預測因子。於排除四項功能皆獨立的個案後，迴歸分析結果可解釋79.4%的變異量，但僅存「日常活動自我效能」(β= .744, R2= .739, p = .000) 變項達顯著水準。而在探討影響高齡者居住機構期間整體功能改善的影響因素時，投入的三項恢復性照顧三層面因子進行羅吉斯迴歸分析，僅高齡者日常生活活動自我效能具有統計顯著的預測力(OR=1.109, p= .04, CI= 1.005~ 1.224)。另逐項檢視預測日常生活功能因子時發現投入恢復性照顧三層次因子的羅吉斯迴歸分析結果中，對洗澡功能上的自我效能(p= .450)已不具有如同預測移位功能(OR=1.358, p = .001, CI=1.126~1.638)與如廁功能(OR=1.424, p = .003, CI =1.127~1.798)的預測力。
討論：本研究藉由瞭解高齡者自我效能、照顧者照顧態度及支持性物理環境的設置與高齡者功能表現的相關性，以期增進影響高齡者維持甚至提升其功能表現的相關策略建立之建議。結果發現高齡者日常生活活動自我效能愈佳、照顧者的照顧態度愈支持功能表現與機構物理環境設置愈具支持友善，高齡者日常生活活動功能有愈佳的展現，其中又以自我效能為最重要的預測因子。建議可以擬定與此相關的策略來提升高齡者功能的自立能力，進而提升其生活品質。

Elderly who is disabled have the opportunity to restore their function through factors that interact with person and environment, including elderly’s self-efficacy, caregivers caring attitude toward restorative care, and the physical environment support, based on the social-ecological model. This study utilized a cross-sectional research approach to analyze factors related to the functional performance of elderly who lived in LTC facilities. Significant positive correlations were found between elderly’s self-efficacy of ADL, caregivers caring attitude toward the restorative care, the physical environment support, and functional performance of elderly. Results of regression analysis revealed elderly’s self-efficacy of ADL and caregivers caring attitude toward restorative care were significant predictors for the functional performance of elderly. It is believed that implementing strategy to improve elderly’s self-efficacy and educating caregivers to provide care which focus on function restoring will enhance functional performance of elderly. The results of this study will provide a further strategic plan for caregiver education, practice, research, and policy recommendations for the development of long term care in Taiwan.

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