重金屬被定義為與水相比具有相對高密度的金屬元素，由於工業化，世界人口迅速擴大和農業集約化造成土壤和環境的重金屬污染加速。環境中潛在的有毒重金屬 (鉛、鎘、汞、砷等金屬元素) 藉由工業廢水排放、事業廢棄物棄置及掩埋、廢氣排放及農業資材的不當使用等方式逸散至水體、土壤中，這些有毒重金屬在環境中移動性小，殘留性高，易累積於環境當中。重金屬透過不同的途徑進入空氣、水源及土壤後累積於農作物中，經由食用受重金屬污染的作物是人類與動物的主要暴露途徑，毒性重金屬會干擾人體內的生化反應而造成嚴重的健康風險。

電漿是由氣體在高溫或高電磁場中加速碰撞取得非常高的動能離子化而產生擁有顯著且相等數量的原子和/或分子帶電或離子化的物質狀態。電漿技術在農業上的應用是近幾年熱門而且具有發展潛力的研究之一，其在農業和食品安全主要的研究方向為誘發植物特性改變、促進種子萌發、增加作物生長、消滅致病菌或抑制微生物、改善作物保存、使作物表面及降解殘留農藥等。在許多研究中確定了電漿可以促進種子及植物生長，因此在本研究希望探討藉由非熱電漿刺激植物生長速度來降低葉菜類蔬菜 (空心菜) 吸收的重金屬，以減低因蔬菜攝食而暴露重金屬所造成的健康風險。除此之外，本研究也將探討電漿施用條件、植物生長期長短與重金屬污染等，何者為最主要影響重金屬累積之因子。

本實驗先進行電漿水 (PAW) 處理條件之篩選，最後選擇以60W功率進行20分鐘活化之電漿水作為盆栽試驗之澆灌水。第一階段種植為期5週，根據結果顯示以電漿處理種子與未處理水 (PTS + NTW) 之組別可以增加種植於沒污染培養土之空心菜生長的平均高度及採收總重量，但PTS+NTW之處理僅增加了種植於鎘添加培養土之空心菜的平均高度。電漿處理種子加上電漿水澆灌 (PTS + PAW) 則提高了鉛添加培養土組別之空心菜平均高度及採收總重量。

空心菜累積之重金屬含量主要受到土壤中重金屬的影響。即使在土壤中鉛濃度比鎘濃度高出約100倍，空心菜累積之鎘濃度高於鉛，由此可見空心菜吸收鎘之能力較強。根據研究結果顯示，電漿處理可以對空心菜抑制鎘元素吸收，但在降低鉛元素吸收至蔬菜體之能力沒有改善，PTS + PAW之組別甚至提高鉛元素於蔬菜體內之累積。
空心菜之總酚含量因重金屬存在而提升：鉛添加培養土 (19.06 ± 0.29 g GAE/g) >鎘添加培養土(17.09 ± 0.72 g GAE/g) >沒有污染之培養土 (14.39 ± 0.50 g GAE/g)。除了在鎘添加培養土僅使用電漿水組別 (NTS + PAW) 之空心菜總酚含量比控制組 (NTS + NTW) 高5.56%，其餘總酚含量幾乎都因受到電漿刺激而下降。總類黃酮含量的測定結果顯示，種植於無污染土及鎘添加培養土之空心菜，以電漿處理後總類黃酮含量皆有顯著提升。

第二階段種植是為了改善整體空心菜生長狀況不佳而進行。實驗方法排除了一些因子及步驟後，整體生長狀況有得以改善。空心菜經過電漿水灌溉及添加土壤肥份 (PAW + Fert) 在平均生長高度及採收總重得以改善，而PAW + Fert在抗氧化能力的部分，較其他組別增加了總類黃酮含量，但總酚含量下降。

Heavy metals are defined as relatively high-density metal elements compared to water. Due to industrialization, the rapid expansion of the world population and agricultural intensification have accelerated the soil and environmental heavy metal pollution. Potential toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and other metal elements) in the environment were emitted into water and soil by industrial wastewater discharge, commercial waste disposal and burial, exhaust emissions and improper use of agricultural materials. Toxic heavy metals are less mobile in the environment, with high residual capacity and are easily accumulated in the environment. Heavy metals accumulate in crops after entering the air, water and soil through different routes. The crops contaminated by heavy metals are the main exposure pathways of humans or animals. Toxic heavy metals can interfere with biochemical reactions in humans and cause serious health risks.

Plasma is regarded as the fourth state of matter other than solid, liquid and gas. The gas is accelerated by collision in high temperature or high electromagnetic field to obtain very high kinetic energy ionization to produce a significant and equal number of atoms and/or molecules charged or ionized material state. The application of plasma technology in agriculture is one of the most popular and developmental researches in recent years. The present study of plasma application in agriculture and food safety is to induce changes in plants’ characteristics, to promote seed germination, increase crop growth, eliminate pathogenic bacteria or inhibit microbes, improve crop preservation and degrade pesticide residues on crop surfaces. In many studies, it has been determined that plasma can promote the seeds germination and plants growth. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate if the plants growth rate increasing by non-thermal plasma application and to reduce the heavy metals accumulation in leafy vegetables (water spinach). There will be a further shift toward reduce the health risks caused by consumption of vegetables contaminated with heavy metals. In addition, this study will also explore what is the most important factor of plasma application, plant growth period, heavy metal pollution to affect the accumulation of heavy metals in leafy vegetables.

Firstly, the treatment condition of plasma activated water (PAW) was screened. The PAW treated by 60W plasma power for 20 minutes continuously was selected as the irrigation water for pot experiment. The Phase-1 plantation carried out for 5 weeks. Results showed the plasma treated seeds irrigated with not treated water (PTS + NTW) groups increased the total weight and average height of water spinach grown in clean cultivation soil (control), but PTS + NTW treatment only increased the average height of water spinach planted in cadmium (Cd) added cultivation soil. Plasma treated seeds irrigated with PAW (PTS + PAW) treatment improved the total weight and average height of water spinach grown in lead (Pb) added cultivation soil.
The heavy metals accumulated by water spinach was affected by the heavy metals available in soil. Although the Pb concentration in soil was about 100 times greater than the concentration of Cd, water spinach showed a higher accumulation of Cd than Pb. The results showed that plasma treatment could suppressed the Cd absorption, but reduction of Pb accumulation by water spinach did not improved. Meanwhile, the PTS + PAW treatment group even improving the Pb accumulation in water spinach.

Total phenolic (TP) content of water spinach was affected by heavy metal: The TP content of water spinach grown in Pb-added soil (19.06 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g) > Cd-added soil (17.09 ± 0.72 mg GAE/g)> Clean soil (14.39 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g). The TP content of water spinach grown in Cd-added and Pb-added soil were decreased due to plasma treatment, except that of non-treated seed irrigated with PAW (NTS + PAW) treatment group water spinach grown in Cd-added soil showed 5.56% greater TP content than the control treatment group (NTS + NTW). The total flavonoid (TF) content of water spinach grown in control and Cd-added cultivation soil was enhanced by treatment significantly.

Phase-2 plantation was aimed to improve the unsatisfactory of water spinach growth performance. Exclusion of some factors and modification of experimental methods have improved overall growth performance. The group of PAW irrigation with the aid of fertilizer (PAW + Fert) showed the improvement of average height and the total weight of water spinach. On the other hand, PAW + Fert increased the TF content compared to other groups but reduced the TP content.

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