目標：未成年懷孕不論選擇墮胎或生育，在生理、心理、教育、經濟與社會等方面，會對母親及小孩產生許多負面之影響，本研究主要在探討未成年少女在確知懷孕之後，影響其選擇生產或不生產的重要相關因子，並瞭解未成年少女中期望懷孕與否及重複懷孕與否之相關影響因子。
方法：本研究於民國90年8月至民國91年12月間，以台南市42家婦產科因懷孕而就診之未成年少女為研究對象，共315位未成年懷孕少女完成自填式問卷，問卷內容主要包含未成年懷孕少女之社會人口學、健康行為、性行為及家庭功能與型態。連續性資料採用平均值+標準差來呈現，類別資料則以頻率分配表來呈現。以單變項迴歸分析來瞭解未成年少女中墮胎與生育、非期望懷孕與期望懷孕及重複懷孕與初次懷孕之相關影響因子，將單變項分析達統計意義者，p < 0.05，放入多變項邏輯式迴歸，並以逐步方法求得最佳模型。
結果：經多變項迴歸分析顯現出目前職業(學生vs.非學生) (危險對比值=4.68，95%信賴區間[1.52,14.40]，p=0.007)；懷孕對象(男友及其他vs.先生) (危險對比值=12.8，95%信賴區間[3.35,48.8]，p=0.0002)；就醫時間(月) (危險對比值=0.40，95%信賴區間[0.24,0.64]，p=0.0001)；父母或男友或先生支持生產(是vs.否) (危險對比值=0.04，95%信賴區間[0.01,0.18]，p<.0001)，在不打算生產組與打算生產組間皆達統計上顯著之差異。經多變項迴歸分析顯現出目前職業(學生vs.非學生) (危險對比值=3.16，95%信賴區間[0.95,13.80]，p=0.06)；懷孕對象(男友及其他vs.先生) (危險對比值=8.87，95%信賴區間[4.07,20.24]，p<.0001)；懷孕對象職業(學生vs.非學生) (危險對比值=8.90，95%信賴區間[1.35, ∞]，p=0.02)；是否採用避孕措施(是vs.否) (危險對比值=2.34，95%信賴區間[1.06,5.30]，p=0.03)，在非期望懷孕組與期望懷孕組間皆達統計上顯著之差異。經多變項迴歸分析顯現出是否有喝酒習慣(是vs.否) (危險對比值=2.99，95%信賴區間[1.33,6.68]，p=0.008)；是否採用避孕措施(是vs.否) (危險對比值=2.58，95%信賴區間[1.08,6.18]，p=0.033)；初次性經驗至懷孕時間（年）(危險對比值=2.60，95%信賴區間[1.69,4.0]，p<.0001)在重複懷孕組與初次懷孕組間皆達統計上顯著之差異。
結論：未成年懷孕少女選擇墮胎的相關影響因子為她們的職業、懷孕對象、以及父母或男友或先生支持生產。這些選擇墮胎的未成年懷孕少女，比較會採用避孕措施，若不慎懷孕，則為非期望懷孕。重複懷孕的未成年少女與抽菸、喝酒等不良健康習慣有關。

Purpose: Teenage pregnancy resulting in either childbirth or abortion has many negative influences on both mothers and children in physical, psychological, educational, economic and social aspects. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with pregnancy resolution, abortion or childbirth, unintended or intended pregnancy, and repeat or first pregnancy.
Methods: Pregnant teenage girls were recruited from obstetric clinics in Tainan city from August 2001 to December 2002. Three hundred and fifteen pregnant adolescent girls completed a self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire included demographic characteristics, health behavior, sexual behavior, and family support of these teenage girls and their choice of pregnant resolution and help seeking behavior. Continuous data were expressed as mean+sd, and categorical data were summarized by frequency tables. Bivariate analysis of the factors associated with abortion or childbirth, unintended or intended pregnancy, and repeat or first pregnancy, was conducted using logistic regression model. Significant factors, P<0.05, were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis and a stepwise procedure was employed to select a “best” fit.
Results: From the multivariable logistic regression analysis, significant predictors of abortion were the occupation of pregnant teenage girls (students vs. others, OR=4.68, 95%CI [1.52,14.40], p=0.007), partners of this conception (boyfriends vs. husbands, OR=12.8, 95%CI [3.35,48.8], p=0.0002), elapsed time (in months) between the last menstrual cycle before this pregnancy and this clinical visit (OR=0.40 per 1-month increase, 95%CI [0.24,0.64], p=0.0001), and support of childbirth from parents, boyfriends, or husbands (yes vs. no, OR=0.04, 95%CI [0.01,0.18], p<0.0001). Significant predictors of an unintended pregnancy were the occupation of pregnant teenage girls (students vs. others, OR=3.16, 95% CI [0.95,13.80] , p=0.06), partners of this conception (boyfriends vs. husbands, OR=8.87, 95%CI [4.07,20.24], p<.0001), partners’ occupation (students vs. others, OR=8.90, 95% CI [1.35, ∞], p=0.02), and use of contraception (yes vs. no, OR=2.34, 95% CI [1.06,5.30], p=0.03). Significant predictors of a repeat pregnancy were alcohol drinking (yes vs. no, OR=2.99, 95% CI [1.33,6.68], p=0.008), use of contraception (yes vs. no, OR=2.99, 95% CI [1.08,6.18], p=0.033), and duration from first intercourse to this pregnancy (in years )(OR=2.60 per 1-year increase, 95% CI [1.69,4.0], p<0.0001).
Conclusions: Significant factors associated with pregnant teenage girls’ choice of resolution were their occupation, partners of conception, and support of childbirth from their parents, boyfriends, or husbands. The teenage girls who chose abortion were more likely to use contraception and most of their pregnancies were unintended. Repeat pregnancy was associated with smoking and alcohol drinking.

中文部分
王友平、鄧明昱。美國青少年的性健康狀況。國際中華性學雜誌，1：31-36，2001。
王仕圖。美國柯林頓政府的「AFDC依賴兒童家庭補助」改革對我國貧童救助政策的啟示。社區發展季刊，81：206-212，1998。
王新台。台南市未成年懷孕少女通報系統之建構及未成年懷孕相關因子和服務模式之初探。行政院衛生署九十年度科技研究發展計劃，2001。
王淑芳、彭台珠。青少女初產婦對懷孕事件之了解與準備。慈濟護專學報，7：79-96，1998。
王煥琛。青少年性的發展與輔導研討。台灣教育，566：14-23，1998。
王瑞祺。台北市高職三年級學生避孕行為及其相關因素探討。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文，1992。
王瑞祺譯。一九八0年代有關青少年性行為、懷孕與育兒行為之研究。家庭計畫通訊，124：1-16，1992。
王瑞霞。正視未婚少女懷孕問題。台灣醫學，3(3)：338-341，1999。
王瑞霞。青少年性健康促進。護理雜誌，47(1)：26-31，2000。
牛憶先。影響未成年懷孕母親生育後復學之家庭、經濟與社會規範因素。國立成功大學醫學院行為醫學研究所碩士論文，2000。
台灣省婦幼衛生研究所。婦幼衛生之主要統計。台中：作者，1996。
行政院衛生署。衛生統計。台北：作者，2002。
江千代。二十歲以下生母社經特徵及其家庭計畫知識、態度及行為之研究。人口學刊，11：163-196，1988。
李棟明。台灣地區育齡有偶婦女初婚的穩定性研究。人口學刊，(11)：33-54，1988。
李佳桂。未成年母親的小孩在國小一、二年級智力、行為與學習成就表現。國立成功大學醫學院公共衛生研究所碩士論文，2002。
李孟智。青少年身體及心理社會發展評估。基層醫學，11(2)：30-32，1996。
李孟智。青少女之生育問題。中華衛誌，17(5)：381-387，1998a。
李孟智。青少年身體及心理的社會發展。社教雜誌，237：1-5，1998b。

李孟智。青少女懷孕及其相關因素之研究。行政院衛生署八十八年度委託研究計畫，1999。
李孟智。台灣地區青少年醫療保健照顧之現況與前瞻。台灣家庭醫學雜誌，11(2)：47-65，2001。
李燕鳴。台灣地區未成年婦女生育問題之省思。台灣醫界，41(12)：37-38，1998
李燕鳴。花蓮市高中生之性知識、態度和行為調查。慈濟醫學，10：211-219，1998。
呂育凱。低齡孕婦不良生育結果之研究-配合懷孕週數，探討低出生體重與妊娠低出生體重，陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文，1999。
杏陵基金會。中國時報，第五版，89.05.31。
林月春、李富智。美和技術學院專科學生性知識的調查。美和技術學院學報，19：29-41，2001。
林淑慧譯。台灣地區青少年之性行為、懷孕與人工流產研究。家庭計畫通訊，143：1-15，1996。
林惠生、林淑慧。台灣地區高中、高職及五專在校男女學生性知識、態度與行為現況及變遷，發表於第四屆亞洲性學會議「青少年與性」工作坊。台北：台灣省家庭計畫研究所，1996。
林惠生。台灣地區高中、高職及五專在校學生之性知識、態度及危害健康行為與網路使用之研究調查。台北：行政院衛生署國民健康局，2000。
林雅真。國中性教育之現況。學生輔導，69：44-49，2000。
吳秀惠。親子溝通、父母管教方式與青少年性知識、性態度、性行為之研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文，1996。
吳鴻發。高職生兩性關係態度與行為調查研究。松商學報，2：46-83，1994。
吳麗英。台南家專學生對家庭計畫知識、態度及知識需求之調查研究。台南家專學報，12：127-149，1993。
吳瓊如。談國中生的重要他人。學生輔導，59：106-111，1998。
周培萱。台北未婚媽媽之家青少女決定生育的經驗歷程。國立陽明大學臨床護理研究所碩士論文，2001。
高玫。二十一世紀避孕智慧—建立青少年合宜的性道德觀。高中教育，9：26-28，1999。
晏涵文。台灣地區性教育研究之回顧。教育資料文摘，29(2)：74-92，1992。
晏涵文、林燕卿、張利中。青少年婚前性行為及其趨勢之探討。台灣性學學刊，4(2)：1-14，1998。
莊慧秋。中式戀愛的心理分析。於顧瑜君等著。中國人的婚戀觀-情感與擇偶。台北：張老師，1-31，1996。
陳九五。高中職及護專二年級學生對懷孕及避孕的認知態度及行為意向之初探。台灣性學學刊，1(2)：3-13，1995。
郭靜晃、吳幸玲譯。Philip and Barbara Newman原著，發展心理學。台北：楊智文化事業，409-513，1994。
馮容莊。正視青少年懷孕問題。榮總護理，8(3)：291-298，1991。
許珍琳。台北市高中職學生有關性知識、性態度和性行為及其相關因素之調查研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文，1999。
黃琪瑜。青少女的月經態度及其相關因素之探討。政治大學心理研究所碩士論文，1986。
張明正、林惠生、陳哲喜。台灣地區青少年之性行為、懷孕與人工流產研究。家庭計畫通訊，43：1-15，1996。
張裕鴻。國中三年級學生性知識、性態度和性行為之調查研究。教育文粹，11：30-45，1982。
張增治。青少年對異性交往態度之調查研究。南華管理學院教育社會學研究所碩士論文，1998。
傅瓊瑤、陸振翮、吳欣玫、王銘賢、陳淑貞。青少女懷孕發生低出生體重與早產的危險性探討。中華衛誌，18：228-234，1999。
彭台珠、王淑芳。由少女未成年生育看婚前性行為。慈濟護專學報，7：65-78，1998。
楊麗英。青少年性行為相關因素之探究。學生輔導通訊，29：26-31，1993。
楊美惠。未婚青少年做人工流產的生活經驗之探討。國防醫學院護理研究所碩士論文，1998。
劉雅瑛。青少年期。張媚、陳季員、陳彰惠等合著，人類發展之概念與實務。台北：華杏，1997。
戴正德。青少年性的迷失與墮胎的省思。健康世界，162：57-60，1999。

魏美珠、吳孟興、黃裕清、王新台、許朝欽。青少年懷孕及產後避孕--以台南市醫院個案為例。慈濟醫學，13：23-29，2001。
魏慧美。高中學生性格及性知識、性態度、性行為對其性教育需求之調查研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，1993。
魏慧美。高雄市公私立高中高職學生同儕影響與其婚前性行為與態度關係之研究。教育學刊，(14)：295-315，1998。
鍾思嘉。青少年身心調適問題及其輔導對策。青少年問題與輔導論文集。台北：行政院青年輔導委員會編印，1996。

英文部分
Anderson, N.L. Pregnancy resolution decisions in juvenile detention. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(5):325-31, 1990.
Anonymous Counseling the adolescent about pregnancy options. American Academy of Pediatrics, 101(5): 938-940, 1998.
Ashton, J. The psychosocial outcome of induced abortion. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 87: 1115-1155, 1980.
Balassone, M.L. Multiple pregnancies among adolescents: incidence and correlates. Health and Social Work, 13(4):266-276, 1988.
Bennett, W.J., & Wehner, P. Let’s outlaw welfare for unmarried mothers, Newsday, February 3, 1994.
Billy, JOG., Landale, N.S., & McLaughlin, S.D. The effect of marital status at first birth on maritaldissolution among adolescent mothers. Demography, 23: 329-349, 1986.
Bluestein, D., & Starling, M.E. Helping pregnant teenagers. West Journal of Medicine, 161(2): 140-143, 1994.
Blum, R.W., Resnick, M.D. Adolescent sexual decision-making: contraception, pregnancy, abortion, motherhood. Pediatric Annals, 11(10): 797-805, 1982.
Bocan, J.L. Adolescent sexuality and teen pregnancy prevention. Journal of Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology, 12: 185-193, 1999.
Burghes, L., & Brown, M. Single Lone Mothers: Problems, Prospects and Policies. Londen: Family Policy Studies Centre, 1995.
Carmen, G. Adolescent pregnancy: effects of family support, education, and religion on the decision to carry or terminate among Puerto Rican teenages. Adolescence, 22(88): 879-917, 1987.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Surveillance Summaries. MMWR, 42(SS-6), 29-57, 1993.
Coard, S.I., Nitz, K., & Felice, M.E. Repeat pregnancy among urban adolescents: sociodemographic, family, and health factors. Adolescence, 35: 193-200, 2000.
Coley, R.L., & Chase-Lansdale, L. Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. American Psychologist, 53: 152-166, 1998.
Corcoran, J. Consequences of adolescent pregnancy/prenting:A review of the literature. Social Work in Health Care, 7(2): 49-67, 1998.
Corcoran, J. Ecological factors associated with adolescent sexual activity. Social Work in Health Care, 30(4): 93-111, 2000.
Darroch, J.E. Adolescent pregnancy trends and demographics. Curr.Womens Health Rep. 1(2): 102-110, 2001.
Darroch, J.E., Singh, S., & Frost, J.J. Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Family Planning Perspectives, 33: 244-50, 281, 2001.
East, P.L., & Felice, M.E. Outcomes and parent-child relationships of former adolescent mothers and their 12-year-old children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics; 11(4): 175-183, 1990.
East, P.L., & Felice, M.E. Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting: Findings From a Racially Diverse Sample. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1996.
Eisen, M., & Zellman, G.L. Factors predicting pregnancy resolution decision satisfaction of unmarried adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145(2): 231-239, 1984.
Evans, A. The influence of significant others on Australian teenagers' decisions about pregnancy resolution. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(5): 224-230, 2001.
Farber, N.B. The process of pregnancy resolution among adolescent mothers. Adolescence, 26: 697-716, 1991.
Faria, G., Barrett, E., & Goodman, L.M. Women and abortion: attitudes, social networks, decision-making. Social Work Health Care, 11: 85-99, 1985.
Felice, M.E., Feinstein, R.A., Fishe,r M.M., Kaplan, D.W., Olmedo, L.F., Rome, E.S., & Staggers, B.C. Adolescent pregnancy-current trends and issues：1998. American Academy of Pediatrics, 103: 516-520, 1999.
Finer, L.B., & Henshaw, S.K. Abortion incidence and services in the United States in 2000, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(1): 6-15, 2003.
Forrest, J.D. Epidemiology of unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 170(5 pt 2):1485-1489, 1994.
Furstenberg, Jr. F. F., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Morgan, S.P. Adolescent mothers in later life. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1987.
Furstenberg, Jr .F. F., Levine, J.A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. The children of teenage mothers: patterns of early childbearing in two generations. Family Planning Perspectives, 22: 54-61, 1990.

Gillham, B. Teenage pregnancy：Context and consequences. The facts about teenage pregnancy, Cassell, London, 10-26, 1997.
Greyanus, D.E. Risk-taking behaviors in adolescence. Journal of American Medical Association, 258: 2110, 1987.
Henshaw, S.K. Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives; 30(1): 24-29, & 46, 1998.
Henshaw, S.K., & Feivelson, D.J. Teenage abortion and pregnancy statistics by state, 1996, Family Planning Perspectives; 32(6): 272-280, 2000.
Holt, J.L., & Johnson, S.D. Developmental tasks: A key to reducing teenage pregnancy. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 6(3), 191-196, 1991.
Irwin, C.E., Jr., & Shafer, M.A. Adolescence sexuality: Negative outcomes of a normative behavior. In Rodgers, D.E., & Ginzberg, E. (Eds.), Adolescents at risk: Medical and social perspectives. Boulder, CO: Westview Press., 35-79, 1992.
Irwin, C.E. Adolescence and risk taking: how are they related? In: Bell, J., & Bell, R.W., eds. Adolescent Risk Taking, 4th ed. California, Sage Publication Inc, 7-47, 1993.
Jorgensen, S.R. Adolescent pregnancy and parenting. In: Gullotta, T.P., Adams, G.R., & Montemayor, R. eds. Adolescent sexuality. Newbury Park, Sage Publication Inc, 103-140, 1993.
Joyce, T. The social and economic correlates of pregnancy resolution among adolescents in New York City, by race and ethnicity: A multivariate analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 78(6): 626-631, 1988.
Kahn, J.R, & Anderson, K.E. Intergenerational patterns of teenage fertility. Demography, 29(1): 39-57, 1992.
Lazarus, A. Psychiatric sequelae of legalized first trimester abortion. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4: 141-150, 1985.
Leadbeater, B.J., & Bishop, S.J. Predictors of behavior problems in preschool children of inner-city Afro-American and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers. Child Development; 65(2): 638-648, 1994.
Lee, M.C., Lu, T.H., & Chou, M.C. Characteristics of adolescent pregnancy in Taiwan. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 9: 213-216, 1997.

Lee, M.C., Suhng, L.A., Lu, T.H., & Chou, M.C. Association of parental characteristics with adverse outcomes of adolescent pregnancy. Family Practics, 15(4): 35-42, 1998.
Lee, M.C. Family and adolescent childbearing. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28(4): 307-312, 2001a.
Lee, M.C., Lee, S.H., & Chou, M.C. Association of risk taking behaviors with adolescent childbearing. Journal of Formosa Medical Association, 100(8): 533-538, 2001b.
Lewis, C.C. A comparison of minors' and adults' pregnancy decisions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Association, 50(3): 446-453, 1980.
Luster, T., & Small, S.A. Factor associated with sexual risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56: 622-632, 1994.
MacFarlane, R.M. Adolescent pregnancy. In O’Hara, M.W., Reiter, R.C., Johnson, S.R., Milbrrn, A., & Engeldinger, J. (Eds), Psychological aspects of women’s reproductive health. Springer Publishing Company, 248-264, 1996.
Machiura, M. Experience of pregnancy among Japanese teenagers: decisions and perceptions of being a pregnant teenager. University of California, San Francisco PH. D. thesis. 1997.
Matsumoto, S. Sex education and sexual behaviour of adolescents in Japan. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 24(5): 696-9, 1995 Sep.
Maughan, B., & Lindelow, M. Secular change in psychosocial risks: The case of teenage motherhood. Psychological Medicine, 27(5): 1129-1144, 1997.
McAnarney, E.R., & Hendee, W.R. Adolescent pregnancy and its consequences. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(1): 74-77, 1989.
McAnarney, E.R., & Hendee, W.R. The prevention of adolescent pregnancy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(1): 78-82, 1989.
Miller, W.B. An empirical study of the psychological antecedents and consequences of induced abortion. Journal of Social Issues, 48(3): 67-93,1992.
Montessoro, A.C., & Blixen, C.E. Public policy and adolescent pregnancy : a reexamination of the issues. Nursing Outlook, 44(1): 31-36, 1996.
Moore, K.A, & Waite, L. Marital dissolution, early motherhood, and early marriage. Social Forces, 60: 20-40, 1981.
Moore, K.A. Welfare Bill won’t stop teenage pregnancy, The Christian Science Monitor, Opinion/Essays, December 18, 1995.
Moos, M.K. Unintended pregnancies: a call for nursing action. MCN American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 28(1): 24-30, 2003.
Newcomer, S., & Baldwin, W. Demographics of adolescent sexual behavior, contraception, pregnancy, and STDs. The Journal of School Health, 62(7): 265-270, 1992.
Olson, L. Social and psychological correlates of pregnancy resolution among adolescent women: A review. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 50(3): 432-445, 1980.
Piccinino, L.J., & Mosher, W.D. Trends in contraceptive use in the United States: 1982-1995. Family Planning Perspectives, 30(1): 4-10, 46, 1998.
Resnick, M.D. Adolescent pregnancy options. The Journal of School Health, 62: 298-303, 1992.
Rigsby, D.C., Macones, G.A., & Driscoll, D.A. Risk factors for rapid repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers: a review of the literature. Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 11(3): 115-126, 1998.
Rosen, R.H. Adolescent pregnancy decision-making: are parents important? Adolescence, 15: 43-54, 1980.
Ruusuvaara, L. Adolescent sexuality: an educational and counseling challenge. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 816: 411-3, 1997 Jun 17.
Santelli, J.S., & Jacobson, M.S. Birth weight outcomes for repeat teenage pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 11: 240-247, 1990.
Santelli, J.S., & Beilenson, P. Risk factors for adolescent sexual behavior, fertility, and sexually transmitted diseases. The Journal of School Health, 62: 271-279, 1992.
Santelli, J.S., Lowry, R., Brener, N.D., & Robin, L. The association of sexual behaviors with socioeconomic status, family structure, and race/ethnicity among US adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 90: 1582-1588, 2000.
Santelli, J.S., Lindberg, L.D., Abma, J., McNeely, C.S., & Resnick, M. Adolescent sexual behavior: estimates and trends from four nationally representative surveys. Family Planning Perspectives, 32: 156-165, 2000.
Scholl, T.O., Hediger, M.L., & Belsky, D.H. Prenatal care and maternal health during adolescent pregnancy: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15: 444-456, 1994.
Sexual and Reproductive Health: women and men, Facts in Brief, New York: AGI, 2002; and in Their Own Right: Addressing the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of American men, New York, AGI, 2002.
Singh, S., & Darroch, J.E. Trends in sexual activity among adolescent American women: 1982-1995. Family Planning Perspectives, 31(5): 212-19, 1999.
Singh, S., Darroch, J.E., & Frost, J.J. Socioeconomic disadvantage and adolescent women's sexual and reproductive behavior: the case of five developed countries. Family Planning Perspectives, 33: 251-8, 289, 2001.
Small, S.A., & Luster, T. Adolescent sexual activity: an ecological, risk-factor apporch. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56: 181-192, 1994.
Smith, C.A. Factors associated with early sexual activity among urban adolescents. Social Work, 42(4): 334-346, 1997.
Sommer, K.S., Whitman, T.L., Borkowski, J.G., Gondoli, D.M., Buke, J., Maxwell, S.E., & Weed, K. Prenatal maternal predictors of cognitive and emotional delays in children of adolescent mothers. Adolescence, 35(137): 87-112, 2000.
Stevens-Simon, C., Parsons, J., & Montgomery, C. What is the relationship between postpartum withdrawal from school and repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers? Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 7: 191-194, 1986.
Stevens-Simon, C., Kelly, L., & Singer, D. Absence of negative attitudes toward childbearing among pregnant teenagers: a risk factor for rapid repeat pregnancy? Arch Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 150: 1037, 1996.
The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Sex and American’s Teenagers. New York: The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994.
Thomas, H., Mitchell, A., & Devlin, M.C. Adolescet pregnancy: Issues in prevention. Journal of Preventive Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 4(2-3): 101-124, 1990.
U.S.Department of Health and Humen Services, The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior, July 9, 2001.
Ventura, S.J. Recent trends in teenage childbearing in the United States. Statistical Bulletin - Metropolitan.Insurance Companies, 75(4): 10-17, 1994.
Ventura, S.J., & Freedman, M.A. Teenage childbearing in the United States, 1960-1997, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19(1 Supple): 18-25, 2000.
Ventura, S.J., Mathews, T.J., & Hamilton, B.E. Births to teenagers in the United States, 1940-2000, National Vital Statistics Reports. 49(10): 1-23, 2001.
Wang, C.S., & Chou, P. Characteristics and outcomes of adolescent pregnancy in Kaohsiung country, Taiwan. Journal of Formos Medical Association, 98: 415-421, 1999.
Wang, C.S., & Chou, P. Risk factors for adolescent primigravida in Kaohsiung country, Taiwan. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17(1): 43-47, 1999.
Wang, C.S., & Chou, P. Characteristics of males who father babies born to adolescents versys older adult women in Taiwan. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28: 509-512, 2001.
Wang, R.H., Wang, H.H., & Hsu, M.T. Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy—A sample of Taiwanese female Adolescents. Public Health Nursing, 20(1): 33-41, 2003.
Wheeler, S.R., & Austin, J.K. The impact of early pregnancy loss on adolescents. MCN American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 26(3): 154-159, 2001.
Zabin, L.S., Kantner, J.F., & Zelnik, M. The risk of adolescent pregnancy in the first months of intercourse. Family Planning Perspectives, 11(4): 215-222, 1979.
Zabin, L.S., Hardy, J.B., Smith, E.A., & Hirsch, M.B. Substance use and its relation to sexual activity among inner-city adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 7: 320-331, 1986.
Zabin, L.S., Hirsch, M.B., Smith, E.A., Streett, R., & Hardy, J.B. Adolescent pregnancy-prevention program. A model for research and evaluation. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 7: 77-87, 1986.
Zavodny, M. The effect of partners’ characteristics on teenage pregnancy and its resolution. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(5): 192-199, 205, 2001.