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研究生： 林伯鴻
Lin, Po-Hung
論文名稱： 氫氣對乙烯/空氣/氮氣反擴散火焰之熱釋放區與煙粒產生之效應
Effects of hydrogen addition on the heat release zone and soot generation of ethylene/air/nitrogen inversed-diffusion flames
指導教授： 李約亨
Li, Yuen-Heng
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 航空太空工程學系
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 83
中文關鍵詞： 反擴散火焰 、雷射誘導白熾光 、甲醛平面誘導螢光 、氫添加火焰
外文關鍵詞： Laser-induced incandescence (LII), CH2O Laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), Hydrogen addition combustion, Inverse diffusion flame (IDF)
相關次數： 點閱：153  下載：0 
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    • 由於工業的快速發展，伴隨而來是嚴重的環境汙染問題。煙煤是不完全燃燒狀態下的產物，不只會危害人類還會促使地球暖化。本研究探討了氫氣添加對於三環逆擴散火焰內的煙煤生成及預熱區的分佈影響。燃料油依稀和氫氣的混合物所組成，氧化劑為33%氧氣和67%氮氣組成。接著採用了雷射誘導白熾光(LII) 和平面誘導螢光 (PLIF)技術以檢測Soot與甲醛的分佈。此外，C2*和CH*化學激發螢光訊號也被訊號增強相機檢測。氫氣濃度依體積比例從0%增加到20%，而氧化劑流量固定。結果表明，CH*和C2*化學發光強度隨著氫氣添加量量上升而減少並表明了煙煤形成分佈與火焰預熱區的關係。這些數據將有助於進一步的發展煙煤生成計算模型建立和熱釋放率的計算。最後，結果表明LII的信號通量在加了20%氫氣候下降了60.6%，並且LII分佈與CH2O分佈有高度的相依關係。

    Environmental pollution is an accompanying problem due to the rapid development of the industry. Soot is a product of incomplete combustion that harms people and the environment. This study investigates the effect of hydrogen addition on soot formation and heats releasing zone in a triple-port inverse diffusion flame. The fuel stream consists of a mixture of ethylene and hydrogen, and the oxidizer stream consists of 33% Oxygen and 67% Nitrogen. Laser-induced Incandescence (LII) and CH2O Planar Laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) were employed in this study. These non-intrusive laser diagnostic systems were utilized to detect soot and formaldehyde intensity signals. In addition, the chemiluminescence of CH* and C2* were also detected by the intensified camera. The hydrogen concentrations varied from 0% to 20% by volume, while the oxidizer stream was kept constant. Results indicate that the CH* and C2* chemiluminescence intensity decrease as hydrogen concentration increase and demonstrates the relationship between the heat release zone and the soot formation zone. These data will be helpful for the further development of the soot formation model establishment and heat-releasing rate determination. Finally, the result indicated that the signal flux of LII is reduced by 60.6% by adding 20% hydrogen, and the CH2O profile is highly reliable to LII.

    Contents 摘要 i Abstract ii 致謝 iii Contents iv Contents of Figures vi Contents of Tables x Chapter1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Inverse diffusion flame 2 1.3 Triple-port Burner 6 1.4 Soot 9 1.5 Hydrogen energy 12 1.6 Measurement system 16 1.6.1 Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) 16 1.6.2 CH2O-PLIF and CH2O x OH PLIF 20 1.6.3 Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) 23 1.7 Objective and Motivation 27 Chapter2. Experimental setup 30 2.1 Experimental Apparatus 30 2.1.1 Laser system 30 2.1.2 Intensified camera 34 2.2 Experiment Design 36 Chapter3. Method and measurement system 38 3.1 Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) 38 3.1.1 Experiment Setup 38 3.1.2 Timing Diagram 40 3.2 Laser-induced incandescence (LII) 41 3.2.1 Experiment Setup 41 3.2.2 Timing Chart 44 Chapter4. Result 45 4.1.1 Operating conditions 45 4.1.2 CH2O – Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) 51 4.1.3 Laser-induced incandescence (LII) 56 Chapter5. Conclusions 66 Chapter6. Future work 67 Appendix 68 Contents of Figures Fig. 1.1 Sample schematic of SpaceX Raptor FFSC rocket engine 2019 [9] 3 Fig. 1.2 Different flame characters between (a) inverse diffusion flame (IDF) and 4 Fig. 1.3 Different flow fields and real flame between NDF and IDF [11] 5 Fig. 1.4 Classification of basic lab-scale inverse diffusion flame burner. (a) Normal diffusion flame burner (NDF), (b) Coaxial burner (CoA), (c) Circumferentially arranged ports burner (CAPs), (d) Swirl burner [15] 8 Fig. 1.5 (Left)Size comparison for PM particles (Right) Scale of different pollutions 11 Fig. 1.6 Overall estimated dose-response relation between total PM2.5and daily deaths in six US cities. The shaded area indicates the pointwise 95% confidence intervals at each point. [16] 11 Fig. 1.7 Main process of soot formation [22] [23] 12 Fig. 1.8 Soot formation mechanism [20] 12 Fig. 1.9 Hydrogen effect on smoke and particulate emission[25] 15 Fig. 1.10 (Left) Integrated soot volume fractions 15 Fig. 1.11 The experimental setup of single component OH-PLIF [33] 17 Fig. 1.12 The schematic of multi-component by CH-PLIF, CH2O-PLIF, and OH-PLIF 18 Fig. 1.13 PLIF images of the jet flow with different flow velocities, Left: OH (red) and CH (green), Middle: CH2O (red) and CH (green), Right: CH2O (red) and toluene (green) [35] 19 Fig. 1.14 Laser diagnostic systems of simultaneous OH/CH2O LIF setup [36] 20 Fig. 1.15 Time variation of peak heat release rate 21 Fig. 1.16 Experiment setup of LII [54] 24 Fig. 1.17 Experiment setup of The two-dimensional multi-angle light scattering (2D-MALS) technique [51] 24 Fig. 1.18 Experiment setup of two-color LII [52] 25 Fig. 1.19 Fluence dependence of the peak-pulsed-LII signal and peak-particle temperature.[55] 26 Fig. 1.20 The inherent advantage and disadvantage of hydrogen energy 28 Fig. 1.21 The Schematic diagram of motivations and objectives 29 Fig. 2.1 (Left) The Nd-YAG laser (Q-smart850, Quantel Medical, France), 31 Fig. 2.2 Attenuator (Watt Pilot, UAB Altechna, Lithuania) 32 Fig. 2.3 Delay of Function generator(blue) to Intensified gate(yellow) 32 Fig. 2.4 Delay of Function generator(blue) to Q-Switch(green) 33 Fig. 2.5 Delay of Q-Switch (green) to the photodiode (pink) 33 Fig. 2.6 Timing chart of intrinsic delay time and set delay time 34 Fig. 2.7 iStar sCMOS 35 Fig. 2.8 Preliminary experiment setup 37 Fig. 3.1 Emission spectrum of CH2O [62] 39 Fig. 3.2 Experiment setup of planar laser-induced fluorescence 40 Fig. 3.3 Timing Chart of planar laser-induced fluorescence 40 Fig. 3.4 Theorem of Laser-induced incandescence 41 Fig. 3.5 Experiment setup of laser-induced incandescence 43 Fig. 3.6 Timing Chart of laser-induced incandescence 44 Fig. 4.1 (A) Triple port flame without and (B) without inert gas co-flow 48 Fig. 4.2 Various R ratios of real flames from 1 to 7 48 Fig. 4.3 Various R ratios of real flames from 7 to 7.8 by the interval of 0.2 49 Fig. 4.4 Various hydrogen addition proportions of real flames from 0% to 20% by the interval of 5% 50 Fig. 4.5 Standard characteristic of inverse diffusion flame 50 Fig. 4.6 Various camera delay times of PLIF from 0 to 120 ns by the interval of 20 ns 53 Fig. 4.7 CH chemiluminescence without able transform various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5% 53 Fig. 4.8 Signal flux of CH* with various H2 addition concentrations 54 Fig. 4.9 PLIF signal with CH chemiluminescence of various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5% 55 Fig. 4.10 PLIF signal and CH chemiluminescence with the real flame of various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5% 55 Fig. 4.11 Signal flux of CH2O-PLIF with various additional hydrogen concentrations 56 Fig. 4.12 Various camera delay times of LII from 0 to 120 ns by the interval of 5 ns 58 Fig. 4.13 Signal flux of LII with various delay times 59 Fig. 4.14 Various camera gate widths by the interval of 10 ns 59 Fig. 4.15 C2 chemiluminescence without able transform various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5% 60 Fig. 4.16 Signal flux of C2* with various additional hydrogen concentrations 60 Fig. 4.17 LII signal and with CH chemiluminescence of various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5% 61 Fig. 4.18 LII signal and CH chemiluminescence with the real flame of various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5% 61 Fig. 4.19 Signal flux determination by Total intensity (Tintensity) divided by Total area (Tarea) of the incandescence signal. 62 Fig. 4.20 Normalized signal flux of Soot-LII 63 Fig. 4.21 Soot collection by ceramics of various hydrogen additional concentrations by the interval of 5%, (A) 30 second, and (B) 60 second collection time 63 Fig. 4.22 Overlapping threshold signals of the CH*, LII (White), and CH2O-PLIF (Red) 64 Fig. 4.23 Overlapping distribution of the LII and CH2O-PLIF signal 65 Contents of Tables Table 1 1 Detection reference of CH2O 22 Table 1 2 Interferences-free detected operation ranges[58, 59] 27 Table 2 1 The camera setting value of each case 35 Table 4 1 Operation flow conditions 47

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