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研究生： 陳韋豪
Chen, Wei-Hau
論文名稱： 染敏太陽電池效能提升之研究
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Enhancement by Experimental Electrode Composite Film Design
指導教授： 賴新一
Lai, Hsin-Yi
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年： 2013
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 242
中文關鍵詞： 染敏太陽電池 、複合電極 、異質光敏染料
外文關鍵詞： Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, composite electrode, heterogeneous sensitized-dye
相關次數： 點閱：103  下載：4 
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    • 矽晶太陽電池的發展近年來已逐漸達到公稱效率(nominal efficiency, ηn)之極限而面臨了再突破之瓶頸，並因為其製程複雜且成本昂貴而只能在特定環境條件下作專業供電使用，無法在一般環境條件下與日常家居生活上作廣泛應用，而染敏太陽電池挾著製程簡易和成本低廉且不受環境條件限制之低光照下具供電效能的優勢逐漸嶄露頭角，成為極具潛力的太陽電池。但染敏太陽電池目前仍無法精準掌握電極組裝製程的調控且公稱效率有待進一步研究與突破。有鑑於此，本文乃針對染敏電池電極之製程與電池系統作了一個完整性系統探討，文中提出了具體可行電極製程與公稱效率提升之方案，並依照業界公認之效益成本，進行優化比對與再設計。
    本研究以布朗動力數值模擬為基礎，並加入庫倫偶極力修正Langevin 動態方程，針對奈米微粒於膠體溶液之薄膜成形過程進行作用勢能探究，建構奈米微粒電極結構組裝調控理論模型，且經由文獻比對印證薄膜結構空孔度與平均配位數關係式確實更貼近真實情形，並由實驗設計之部分因子設計篩選可控顯著因子，再由二次回歸正交旋轉設計建構結構空孔度等要因之精省模型。
    本文採用了異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構，以改善了單層薄膜電極結構無法兼顧電子擴散能力與光吸收能力的缺點，延伸了光譜光波長吸收範圍以提升光捕獲率，並以電子連續方程式、電子傳輸方程式與氧化還原電解液方程式為基礎，建構出複合薄膜電極結構公稱效率之估算模型，且提出異質光敏染料於電極結構配置之準則，並與文獻比對以證實其可行性。藉由電極製程與電池系統參數的探討，在文中建構出奈米微粒之粒徑、結構空孔度與公稱效率等三者之非線性完整耦合系統理論與數值計算流程，且利用部分因子設計進行電極製程與電池系統顯著因子之篩選，並來回疊代以確立高精省時之染敏太陽電池設計理論與優化流程。
    本文主要貢獻包括了：(1)以高精省時染敏太陽電池設計理論為基礎，藉由增加到二個及三個光吸收層(JK-1)並優化其參數，可將目前市面上最高之公稱效率由13.15% (Y123,YD2-o-C8)提升至14.68% (JK-1,Y123,YD2-o-C8)；(2)給定業界所接受之理想發電成本每瓦US$1.0為條件得出的公稱效率為12.93%，可滿足BIPV設計之經濟效益；(3)給定目前公稱效率之發展趨勢，得出光敏染料TiO2,N719,R535-4TBA之公稱效率飽和點為14.42%，其成本為每瓦US$1.71，證實尋求新穎材料及設計方案是未來在節省成本與提升公稱效率上之努力方向。

    In recent years, development of higher efficiency of Silicon-Based Solar Cells have gradually reached its technical summit. The complication associated with their manufacture and expensive product cost, has made it difficult to further extend for advanced applications. On the other hand, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) gradually received higher attention because of their low-cost, simple manufacture and good for low-light incident. Therefore, the development of DSSCs has emerged as a potential research area in recent years. The development of DSSC still have low efficiency problem and cannot be used to control the electrodes for self-assembled at this stage. However, the development of possesses great potential in near future. In view of that, this thesis intends to systematically investigate the possible multi-layer manufacture of electrode to enhance the overall system efficiency of DSSCs.

    Brown dynamics was employed to establish the theory for forming porous membranes in this study. The drying process of membranes in the colloid solution, the working potential energy with Coulomb dipole force and the simulating system in the process of forming porous electrodes are fully developed. The results are then compared with those from literature and found satisfactory. The porosity and average coordination number thus obtained are obviously close to the real situations. The simulation for identifying significant factors in manufacture process of electrodes was carried out to ensure the accuracy of the system model.

    By using the electrode of composite film of heterogeneous sensitive dye to replace the electrode made of monolayer film with multi-layers, the capacity of electron diffusion, optical absorption, and region of absorption spectrum of sun light are enhanced effectively so as to increase the efficiency of the DSSC. The model to calculate the efficiency of electrodes of composite film is based on electron continuous equation, electron transmission theorem and redox electrolyte equation. The results are verified and compared with those given in the literature it is found that the model proposed here is accurate and highly feasible. The theory presented in this study is nonlinear and complex, with porous film structure and production parameters of DSSC in electrode and battery system manufacturing. The design theory for a high-accuracy and time-saving model of DSSC by using experimental design method incorporated with both manufacturing of electrode and battery system with significant factors and the associated applications. The employment of both the theory and the experimental model allow the engineers to design the electrode with expected higher efficiency.

    Contributions of this research includes: (1) A design theory for high-accuracy and time-saving DSSC systems is proposed. The procedure of optimum parameters can come up with better efficiency of DSSC raise from 13.15% (Y123,YD2-o-C8) to 14.68% (JK-1,Y123,YD2-o-C8) by increasing electrode layers from one to two and three for dye-sensitized(JK-1); (2) For a given specific efficiency and cost, the given expected cost from industry is about US$1.0 in the long run, the corresponding efficiency for our device now is approximately 12.93%, that can already be used in BIPV design for economic benefits; (3) By using the devices given in this study the saturated and power generation cost per watt are approximately at US$1.71 and 14.42% (TiO2,N719,R535-4TBA). This indicated that further research and development for novel materials and new design method for DSSC to save costs and to enhance efficiency are desperately needed.

    中文摘要..........I 英文摘要..........III 誌謝..........V 目錄..........VI 圖目錄..........X 表目錄..........XIII 符號說明..........XIX 第一章 緒論..........1 1.1 研究動機..........1 1.2 研究目的..........5 1.3 章節瀏覽..........8 第二章 文獻回顧與基本假設..........11 2.1 本研究之相關文獻回顧..........11 2.1.1 染敏太陽電池研究進展文獻回顧..........11 2.1.2 奈米微粒電極結構組裝調控理論文獻回顧..........12 2.1.3 複合薄膜電極結構之公稱效率估算模型文獻回顧..........14 2.1.4 異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構設計文獻回顧..........16 2.2 奈米微粒電極結構組裝調控理論基本假設..........18 2.3 複合薄膜電極結構之公稱效率估算模型基本假設..........19 2.4 本研究之研究流程..........20 第三章 奈米微粒電極結構組裝調控理論與染敏太陽電池設計理論..........24 3.1 奈米微粒自組裝成形乾燥原理與調控辦法..........26 3.2 奈米微粒於膠體溶液之作用勢能與勢能模型探討..........28 3.2.1 奈米微粒於膠體溶液中所受之隨機布朗力..........28 3.2.2 奈米微粒在膠體溶液中所受之作用勢能..........30 3.3 建立奈米微粒電極結構組裝調控理論之數值模擬..........40 3.3.1 由奈米微粒間作用勢能建構動態方程..........41 3.3.2 Verlet數值積分法求解奈米微粒動態方程..........42 3.3.3 判斷奈米微粒自組裝薄膜成形結構特性參數..........44 3.3.4 奈米微粒自組裝成形結構估算流程..........46 3.4 染敏太陽電池工作原理探究與理論模型建構..........49 3.4.1 染敏太陽電池之電極結構特性及工作原理..........49 3.4.2 建構複合薄膜電極結構公稱效率估算模型..........51 3.4.3 由電極結構估算染敏太陽電池性能參數..........56 3.4.4 異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構配置準則..........60 3.5 建構非線性完整耦合系統理論..........62 3.6 實驗設計建構非線性完整耦合系統之精省模型..........64 3.6.1 部分因子設計篩選可控顯著因子..........67 3.6.2 完全因子直交設計建構回歸模型..........71 3.6.3 二次回歸正交旋轉設計建構回歸模型..........72 第四章 建構非實設之傳統理論模型與探討..........75 4.1 奈米微粒電極結構組裝調控理論探討與印證..........78 4.1.1 探討奈米微粒個數對於薄膜結構和公稱效率影響..........79 4.1.2 庫倫偶極勢能對奈米微粒成形結構的影響與文獻比對..........86 4.2 複合薄膜電極結構之公稱效率理論模型印證與探討..........90 4.2.1 由結構空孔度和平均配位數關係式修正光吸收效率..........90 4.2.2 印證複合薄膜電極結構之公稱效率估算模型精度..........94 4.2.3 N749光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構之逐層優化..........98 4.2.4 印證異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構之必要性..........105 4.3 非實設之異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構設計..........114 4.3.1 非實設模型之給定公稱效率以設計每瓦最低發電成本..........114 4.3.2 非實設模型之給定每瓦發電成本以設計最高公稱效率..........122 第五章 建構完整耦合系統之實設模型與DSSC優化..........128 5.1 部分因子設計篩選電極製程及電池系統之可控顯著因子..........128 5.2 建構非線性完整耦合系統之實驗設計模型..........141 5.2.1 N749光敏染料於完整耦合系統之實驗設計模型建構..........141 5.2.2 異質光敏染料於完整耦合系統之實驗設計模型建構..........166 5.3 實設模型之N749及異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構探討..........185 5.3.1 印證本文耦合完整系統之實驗設計模型精度..........185 5.3.2 實設模型之N749光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構探討..........191 5.3.3 實設模型之異質光敏染料於複合薄膜電極結構探討..........199 第六章 實設之染敏太陽電池複合薄膜電極結構設計..........207 6.1 實設模型之給定公稱效率以設計每瓦最低發電成本之DSSC..........208 6.2 實設模型之給定每瓦發電成本以設計最高公稱效率之DSSC..........218 第七章 總結與建議..........228 7.1 總結..........229 7.2 建議..........232 參考文獻..........234

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