論文內容題要：
本研究旨在探討在學習英語時, 在以中文為母語的初學者中，語型一致性原則( Morphological Uniformity Principle) 的可行性以及普遍語法 (Universal Grammar)和母語轉換 (L1 transfer) 在空主詞參數 (Null Subject Parameter)中所扮演的角色。受測者是第二語言(英語)學習時間在三年以下的兩組學習者: 一組是20位平均年齡六歲四個月的小學一、二年級學生; 另一組是20位平均年齡十二歲七個月的國中一年級學生。測驗題型分兩種：文法判斷題以及引導式的口語測驗題. 研究者在本研究的主要發現摘要如下:
1. 40位受測者當中，只有五位學生符合了語型一致性原則(Morphological Uniformity Principle) 的理論.
2. 在動詞變化和產生空主詞之間的關係，不同的測驗方式影響了兩組的學生的表現。在文法判斷題方面，兩組的學生都無法偵測出有空主詞的句子為錯; 然而在引導式的口語測驗中， 國中一年級的學生明顯的比國小一年級的學生說出的空主詞的句子較少。
3. 兩組學生大部分都受到他們的第一語言(中文)的影響，尤其是在非指涉的代名詞 (nonreferential pronoun) It. 因此, 母語轉換(L1 transfer)的現象在學習第二外語的初期仍然是很顯著的。
4. 研究也發現不受到第一語言影響的受測者中，大部分是國中一年級的學生。這些受測者，可能是運用了非關語言的策略( non-linguistic strategies)。 這些學生可能一開始學習第二語言的時候，就察覺了兩種語言的不同，這促使他們自覺到句子主詞的必要性。
5. 受測者在從第一語言(中文) 到第二語言 (英文) 的參數重設(parameter resetting)的過程中, 預設的機制(default value) 是設定在 [ - Null Pronoun]。
總而言之，本研究的發現支持了間接引用普遍語法的假設(Indirect Access to UG Hypothesis)，同時提出了語型一致性原則(Morphological Uniformity Principle) 的理論在第二語言的習得方面，並不可行。

Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the viability of the Morphological Uniformity Principle and to examine the accessibility of Universal Grammar in young Chinese-speaking learners’ L2 acquisition of English.
The experimental tasks used in the present study consisted of a grammaticality judgment task and a guided oral production task. The two tasks were given to 40 Mandarin-speaking beginners learning English as the second language: 20 first-grade students in elementary school, and 20 first-grade students in junior high school. The major findings were summarized as follows:
1. The theoretical construct of the MUP was only positively supported by the results of five out of 40 subjects in the present study and the findings did not offer strong evidence to show consistency with the MUP.
2. Different task types did affect learners in different age groups with respect to verb inflections and null subjects. In the grammaticality judgment task, both groups failed to detect the null-subject sentences in tense clauses. However, in the guided oral production task, subjects in the junior high school group produced much fewer null-subjects responses than subjects in the elementary school group.
3. Most of the L2 learners in this study did carry over their knowledge more in response to nonreferential pronoun It than in referential pronouns. Concerning the accessibility of UG, the Indirect Access Hypothesis was supported because L1 transfer was still significant at this initial stage and parameter resetting would still be possible in the process of the L2 acquisition.
4. As to those subjects who had no access to UG, they might adopt a non-equivalence strategy that contributed to the perceptual saliency of the obligatory sentence subjects.
5. Discourse Oriented Parameter and Null Pronoun Parameter were associated with null argument phenomenon and the default setting of the two parameters was set at the negative values.
In conclusion, the findings of the present study argued for the Indirect Access to UG hypothesis and L1 transfer. The results also disconfirmed the viability of the Morphological Uniformity Principle in the context of the L2 acquisition.

REFERRENCES

Bennett, S. (1994). Interpretation of English reflexives by adolescent speaker of Serb-Crotian. Second Language Research, 10.2, 125-156.

Bialystok, E. (1986). Factors in the growth of linguistic awareness. Child Development, 57, 498-510.

Bloom P. (1990). Subjectless sentences in child language. Linguistics, 21, 491-504.

Borer. H. (1983). Parametric syntax. Doredrecht: Foris.

Brown, R. (1973). A first language: The early stages. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Cancino, H., Rosansky, E & Schumann, J. (1974). Testing hypotheses about second language acquisition: The copula and negative in three subjects. Working papers in bilingualism, 6, 80-96.

Cazden, C., Canino, H., Schumann, J., & Rosansky, E. (1975). Second language acquisition sequences in children, adolescents, and adults. Final report submitted to the National Institute of Education, Washington, D.C.

Chaudron, C. (1983). Research on metalinguistic judgments: A review of theory, methods, and results. Language Learning, 33, 342-377.

Chen, C. Y. (1995). Topics in Chinese: A or A’?. Studies in English Literature and Linguistics, 21, 79-106.

Chien, Y. C. & Lust, B. (1985). The concepts of topic and subject in first language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese. Child Development, 56, 1359-1375.

Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Chomsky, N. (1982). Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.

Chomsky, N. (1986). Barriers. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Chomsky, N. & Lasnik, H. (1991). Principles and parameter theory. In J. Jacob, A. von Stechow, W. Sternrfeld & T. Vennenmann (Eds.), Syntax: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter

Christie, K. N. M. (1992). Universal grammar in the second language: An experimental study of the cross-linguistic properties of reflexives in English, Chinese, and Spanish. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Delaware.

Clahsen, H. and Muysken, P. (1986). The availability of Universal Grammar to adult and child learners: A study of the acquisition of German word order. Second Language Research, 2, 93-119.

Cook, V. (1985). Chomsky’s Universal Grammar and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 6, 2-18.

Cook, V. (1988). Chomsky’s universal grammar. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Cook, V. (1990). Timed comprehension of binding in advanced L2 learners of English. Language Learning, 40.4, 557-559.

Cook, V. (1993). Linguistics and second language acquisition. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Cox, D. (1970). The analysis of binary data. London: Methuen and Co.

Crookes, G. (1991). Second language speech production research: A methodologically oriented review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13.2, 113-132.

Davis, W. D. (1996). Morphological Uniformity and Null Subject Parameter in adult SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18.4, 475-494.

Dulay, H. & Burt, M. (1974). A new perspective on the creative construction processes in child second language acquisition. Language Learning, 24, 253-258.

Ellis, R. (1991). Grammaticality judgments and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 161-189.

Eubank, L. (1994). Optionality and initial state in L2 development. In T. Hoekstra & B. Schwartz (Eds.), Language acquisition studies in generative grammar studies in generative grammar (pp. 369-388). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Fathman, A. (1982). The relationship between age and second language productive ability. In S. D. Krashen and R. C. Scarcella (Eds.), Child-adult differences in second language acquisition (pp. 115-122). Rowley: Newbury House.

Felix, S. (1985). More evidence on competing cognitive systems. Second Language Research, 1, 47-72.

Felix, S. (1988). UG-generated knowledge in adult second language acquisition. In S. Flynn & W. O’Neil (Eds.), Linguistic theory in second language acquisition(pp. 252-276). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Felix, S. (1991). The accessibility of Universal Grammar in the second language acquisition. In L. Eubank (Ed.), Point counterpoint, Universal Grammar in the second language (pp.351-374). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Flynn, S. (1987). A parameter-setting model of L2 acquisition: experimental studies in anaphora. The Netherlands: Dordrecht.

Garrett, H. E. (1966). Statistics in Psychology and Education. NewYork: David McKay.

Gass, S. (1983). The development of L2 intuition. TESOL Quarterly, 17, 273-291.
Goodluck, H. (1991). Language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Guifoyle, E. (1984). The acquisition of tense and the emergence of lexical subjects. The McGill Working papers in Linguistics, 2, 20-30.

Hake, D. (1980). The development of metalinguistic abilities in children. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Hakuta, K. (1975). Becoming bilingual at the age of five: the story of Uguisu. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Harvard University.

Hilles, S. (1986). Interlanguage and the Pro-Drop Parameter. Second Language Research, 2, 23-52.

Hilles, S. (1991). Access to Universal Grammar in second language acquisition. In L. Eubank (Ed.), Point counterpoint, Universal
Grammar in the second language (pp.305-338). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Huang, C. T. J. (1984). On the typology of zero anaphora. Language Research, 20, 85-105.

Huang, C. T. J. (1987). Remarks on empty categories in Chinese. Linguistic Inquiry, 18: 321-337.

Huang, C. T. J. (1989). Chinese pro-drop: A generalized control theory. In O. Jaeggli & K. Safir (Eds.), The Null Subject Parameter. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Hyams, N. (1983). The acquisition of parameterized grammars. Doctoral Dissertation, City University of New York.

Hyams, N. (1986). Language acquisition and the theory of parameters. Dorecht: Reidel.

Hyams, N. (1992). A reanalysis of null subjects in child language. In J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck & T. Roeper (Eds.) Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition(pp. 259-269). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hyams, N., & Wexler, K. (1993). On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language. Linguistic Inquiry, 24, 421-459.

Hyams, N. & Safir, K. (1991). Evidence, analogy, and passive knowledge: Comments on Lakshmanan. In Eubank, L. (Ed.), Point counterpoint: Universal Grammar in the second language (pp. 411-418). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Jaeggli O., & Hyams, N. (1988). Morphological Uniformity and the setting of the Null Subject Parameter. Northeastern Linguistic Society, 18, 238-252.

Jaeggli, O., & Safir, K. (1989). The null subject parameter and parametric theory. In O. Jaeggli & K. Safir (Eds.), The null subject parameter (pp.1-44). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Jin, H. G. (1994). Topic-prominence and subject-prominence in L2 acquisition: Evidence of English-to-Chinese typological transfer. Language Learning, 44, 101-22.

Lakshmanan, U. (1991). Morphological Uniformity and Null Studies in child second language. In L. Eubank (Ed.), Point counterpoint, Universal Grammar in the second language (pp.389-410). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Lakshmanan, U. (1994). Universal Grammar in Child Second Language Acquisition: Null Subjects and Morphological Uniformity. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.

Lakshmanan, U. (1995). Child second language acquisition of syntax. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17, 310-329.

Lee, C. L. (1990). Recovery and translation of zero anaphoric subjects in Chinese. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Illinois.

Lee, T. (1999). Fitniteness and null arguments in child Cantonese. Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies, 29.4, 365-93.

Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1979). Third person pronouns and zero anaphora in Chinese discourse. In T. Given (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics 12. New York: Academic Press.

Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Subject and topic: A new topology. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Subject and Topic (pp.457-490). New York: Academic Press.

Liceras, J. (1989). On some properties of the “Pro-Drop” Parameter: Looking for missting subject in non-native Spanish. In S. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.), Linguistics perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 109-133). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lin, P. R. (1991). The Development of sentence subjects in Mandrin Chinese. M. A. thesis, Graduate Institute of English, NTNU.

Lust, B. (1988). Universal grammar in second language acquisition: Promises and problems in critically relating theory and empirical studies. In S. Flynn & W. O’Neil (Eds.), Linguistic theory in second language acquisition (pp.309-328). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Lloyd, K. (2002). 1000 words to talk about (pp.38-39). Singarpore: Earlybird Books.

Matsumura, M. (1994). Japanese learners’ acquisition of the locality requirement of English: Evidence for retreat from overgeneralization. Studies of second language acquisition, 16.1, 19-40.

Nicholas, H. (1981). ‘To be’ or not ‘to be’: Is that really the questions? Developmental sequences and the role of the copula in the acquisition of German as a second language. Paper Presented at the First European-North American Workshop on Cross-Linguistic Second Language Acquisition Research.
O’Grady, W., Peters, A., & Masterson, D. (1991). The transition from optional to required subjects. Journal of Child Language, 16, 513-529.

Ou, H. C. (1998) An Experimental Study of the Pro-drop Parameter in Adult Second Language Acquisition. M. A. Thesis, NTNU.

Ou, S. J. (2001). Comparison of Parameter-settings in English and Chinese and Their Implications on Second Language Acquisition. Journal of Fortune Institute of Technology, 8, 49-61.

Peters, A. (1983). The Units of Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Phinney, M. (1987). The pro-drop parameter in second language acquisition. In T. Roeper & E. Williams (Eds.) Parameter setting. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Rizzi, L. (1982). Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.

Rizzi, L. (1986). Null objects in Italian and the theory of Pro. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 501-557.

Schachter, J. (1974). An error in error analysis. Language Learning, 24, 205-214.

Schachter, J. (1990). On the issue of completeness in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 93-124.

Schwartz, B., (1989). Testing between UG-based and problem-solving models of L2A: Developmental sequence data. Language Acquisition, 2, 1-19.

Schwartz, B., & Sprouse, B. (1994). Word order and nominative case in non-native language acquisition: A longitudinal study of L1 Turkish German interlanguage. In T. Hoekstra & B. Schwartz (Eds.), Language acquisition studies in generative grammar studies in generative grammar (pp.317-368). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Shih, M. L. (1999). The Acquisition of Chinese Topic Construction by Adult SLA Learners. M. A. Thesis: National Chung Chen University.

Smith, S. M. (1988). L2 acquisition: Logical problems and empirical solutions. In J. Pankhurst, M. Sharwood Smith & P. van Buren (Eds.), Learnability and Second Languages: A book of readings (pp. 9-35). Dordrecht: Foris.

Thomas, M. (1993). Knowledge of reflexives in a second language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Tiphine, U. (1983). The acquisition of English statements and interrogatives by French-speaking children. Doctoral dissertation, University of Keil.

Valian, V. (1991). Syntactic subjects in the early speech of American and Italian children. Cognition, 40, 21-81.

Wang, Q., Lillo-Martin, D., Best, C., & Levitt, A. (1992). Null subject versus null object: some evidence from the acquisition of Chinese and English. Language Acquisition, 2, 221-254.

Weissenborn, J. (1992). Null subjects in early grammars: Implications for parameter setting theories. In J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck & T. Roeper (Eds.), Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition (pp. 269-301). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Wen, W. & Wu, B. (1997). Pro-drop and Foreign Language Acquisition. English Teaching& Learning, 23.3, 65-78.

White, L. (1985a). The acquisition of parameterized grammars: subjacency in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 1, 1-117.

White, L. (1985b). The pro-drop parameter in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 35, 47-62.

White, L. (1986). Implications of parametric variation for adult second language acquisition: An investigation of the pro-drop parameter. In V. Cook (Ed.), Experimental approaches to second language acquisition (pp.55-72). London: Pergamon.

White, L. (1988). Universal grammar and language transfer. In J. Pankhurst, M. Sharwood Smith, and P. Van Burean (Eds.), Learnability and second languages: a book of readings (pp. 39-60). Dordrecht: Foris.

White, L. (1989a). Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.

White L. (1989b). The principle of adjacency in second language acquisition : Do L2 learners observe the subset principle?” In S. Gass, and J. Schachter (Eds.) Linguistics Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition (pp. 134-158). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Xie, T. (1992). Topic-controlled deletion in topic chains in Chinese: A comparison between Native speakers and foreign language learners. JCLTA, 28.3, 21-31.

Xu, L. (1986). Free empty category. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 75-93.

Yip, V. (1995). Interlanguage and learnability from Chinese to English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Yuan, B. (1996). Acquisition of base-generated topics by English-speaking learners of Chinese. Language Learning, 45.4, 567-603.

Yuan, B. (1997). Asymmetry of null subjects and null objects in Chinese speakers’ L2 English. Studies of Second Language Acquisition, 19, 467-497.