成功大學博碩士論文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	何悅柏 Saho, Ebou
論文名稱：	Life Cycle Inventory of Asphalt Mixes Life Cycle Inventory of Asphalt Mixes
指導教授：	楊士賢 Yang, Shih-Hsien
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2014
畢業學年度：	102
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	81
外文關鍵詞：	Life Cycle Inventory, Hot Mixed Asphalt, Energy Consumption, and Mix Type.
相關次數：	點閱：86 下載：0
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

The significant use of hot mixed asphalt asks for a prescriptive or detailed investigation into the energy consumption of different mix types. This thesis provides the results of an investigation into the energy use of different HMAs during its production. The goal of this study was to prepare a detailed life cycle inventory of HMA mixes produced in an asphalt batch plant. Another objective of this research was to provide a systematic methodology that can be used to quantify and compare the specific energy consumption and equivalent CO2 emission of various types of asphalt mixtures from simple plant material production and energy consumption data. The effect of key factors that affect energy use in the production of various types of asphalt mixes were analyzed. The key factors that affected electricity consumption and fuel used were moisture content, gradation and binder type. Energy use and CO2 emissions from upstream processes was referenced from other literatures and databases.
It was found the type of mix produced had no effect on electrical consumption as plant equipment are operated in similar manner and conditions irrespective of the mix type been produced. The key findings were an average of 0.04 litres of fuel is consumed per degree drop in the ambient temperature for each tonne produced and fuel consumption increases by an average of 0.67 litres for each 1% increase in moisture content. Polymer modified mixes needed an average of 1.04 litres more than regular polymer mixes per tonne of material dried/heated. The site-specific fuel consumption for DG, PMDG, OG, PMOG, PAC and SMA were found to be 8.29, 9.17, 7.52, 7.75, 7.74 and 8.19 litres/t respectively.
The results from this research show the significance of understanding energy use of different mixes and identifying areas and factors where energy use can be reduced. Reducing energy consumption also reduces related carbon emissions which important or been pushed by many international organizations and governments. This study will also help in making decisions to which type of asphalt mix to be selecting considering energy consumption and the environmental aspect.

ABSTRACT	I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT	III
TABLE OF CONTENTS	IV
LIST OF TABLES	VI
LIST OF FIGURES	VII
1	CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1
1.1	BACKGROUND	1
1.2	RESEARCH OBJECTIVE	2
1.3	SCOPE	3
2	CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW	4
2.1	LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY	4
2.1.1	Life Cycle Inventory Framework	5
2.2	REVIEW OF LCA OF HMA PRODUCTION	7
2.2.1	Previous Pavement Studies and Databases	7
2.2.2	Need for Detailed HMA LCA	9
2.3	AGGREGATE	10
2.3.1	Aggregate Gradation	11
2.3.2	Production of Natural Aggregates	13
2.4	ASPHALT BINDER	13
2.4.1	Production of Regular Binder	14
2.4.2	Production of Bitumen Emulsion, Foamed and Rubber-Modified Bitumen	14
2.5	ASPHALT MIXES	15
2.5.1	Dense-Graded Mix (DG)	16
2.5.2	Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)	17
2.5.3	Open Graded Mix	18
2.6	ASPHALT PRODUCTION	20
2.6.1	Batch Plant	20
2.7	ENERGY CONSUMPTION	21
2.7.1	Energy Consumed by Drying	21
2.7.2	Heat Loss	23
2.7.3	Statistical Energy Consumption	26
3	CHAPTER 3  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY	28
3.1	METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW	28
3.2	SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND BOUNDARIES	30
3.3	ENERGY AUDIT	31
3.3.1	Site Energy Consumption	31
3.3.2	Fuel Consumption Rate by Weight	37
3.4	ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY EQUIPMENT IN THE PLANT	37
3.4.1	Electrical Consumption	39
3.4.2	Fuel Consumption	40
3.5	ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF DIFFERENT ASPHALT MIXES (SPECIFIC AND LATENT HEAT)	41
3.5.1	Factors Affecting Energy Consumption of Different Asphalt Mixes	42
3.5.2	Quantification of Binder type on Electrical Consumption	45
3.5.3	Quantification of Moisture and Gradation Effect on Fuel Consumption	46
3.5.4	Distribution of Field Energy Consumption	47
3.6	LCI OF ASPHALT MIXES	48
3.6.1	Energy Consumption in Upstream Processes	49
4	CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS	52
4.1	SITE ENERGY CONSUMPTION	52
4.1.1	Effect of Material Quantity on Energy Consumption	52
4.1.2	Fuel Consumption of Different Mix Types (Weight)	54
4.2	ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY EQUIPMENT IN THE PLANT	55
4.3	ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF DIFFERENT ASPHALT MIXES (SPECIFIC AND LATENT HEAT)	57
4.3.1	Effect of Moisture and Ambient Temperature	58
4.3.2	Effect of Binder	59
4.4	FIELD FUEL CONSUMPTION	61
4.5	EFFECT OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (GMB)	63
4.6	LCI OF DIFFERENT HMA MIXES	64
5	CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION	68
5.1	CONCLUSION	68
5.2	RECOMMENDATION	69
REFERENCES	71
 
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2 1 MJ and CO2 for Producing 1 ton of Hot Mix Asphalt (Cerea, 2011)	10
Table 2 2 Asphalt mix designation (BSI, 2010)	15
Table 2 3 Dense Mix Gradation	16
Table 2 4 SMA Gradation	17
Table 2 5 Open Grade Gradation	19
Table 2 6 PAC Gradation	19
Table 2 7 Specific and Latent Heats	23
Table 3 1 Fuel Prices in Taiwan for 2013	31
Table 3 2 Site Energy Consumption (Financial) for 2012	32
Table 3 3 Site Energy Consumption (Financial) for 2013	33
Table 3 4 Site Litres and Kwh Consumption for 2012	33
Table 3 5 Site Litres and kWh Consumption for 2013	35
Table 3 6 Equipment Specifications Obtained from Fujian Tietuo Machinery.	37
Table 3 7 Example of Equipment Electrical Consumption Calculation	39
Table 3 8 Fuel Consumption Parameters	41
Table 3 9 Rainfall days in Kaohsiung for 2012 and 2013 (Bureau 2014)	43
Table 3 10 Mixing and Discharge Temperatures of Asphalt mixtures	44
Table 3 11 Bulk Specific Gravity of Asphalt mixes	45
Table 3 12 Energy and CO2 Conversion Factors (Energy, 2012)	49
Table 3 13 Energy in Material Production (Huang, 2007)	50
Table 4 1 Electricity Consumption by Plant Equipment	55
Table 4 2 Fuel Needed to Dry/Heat 1 Ton of Various Asphalt Mixes at 183.75°C Discharge Temperature	56
Table 4 3 Fuel Needed to Dry/Heat 1 Ton of Various Asphalt Mixes at Ambient Temperature of 25°C	57
Table 4 4 LCI of Asphalt Mixes	65

 

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2 1 Generic Unit Process of HMA Production	11
Figure 2 2 Standard Sieves as Defined by the National Guidance Documents (UK) (MPA, 2003)	19
Figure 2 3 Production of Natural Aggregates for Use in Asphalt Production	20
Figure 2 4 Production of Bitumen for Use in Asphalt Production	21
Figure 2 5 Production of Asphalt Rubber	21
Figure 2 6 Batch Asphalt plant	28
Figure 2 7 Taiwan Energy Consumption by sectors	30
Figure 3 1 Overview of Research Methodology	32
Figure 3 2 Flow Chart of HMA Production Under Study	34
Figure 4 1 Material Quantity and Energy Chart	55
Figure 4 2 Material Quantity and Specific Energy Consumption	56
Figure 4 3 Fuel Consumption of Asphalt Mixes by their Weights	57
Figure 4 4 Percentage of Electricity Consumed by Plant Equipment	59
Figure 4 5 Effect of Moisture and Ambient Temperature on Fuel Consumption	61
Figure 4 6 Effect of Binder Type on Fuel Consumption	62
Figure 4 7 Fuel Consumption of Asphalt Mixes- Theory Vs Weight	63
Figure 4 8 Specific Fuel Consumption- Redistributed by Theoretical Values Computed	64
Figure 4 9 Specific Fuel Consumption of Asphalt Mixes by Weight Vs Redistributed Site Consumption Rate	65
Figure 4 10 Effect of Density on Specific Fuel Consumption	66
Figure 4 11 Specific Energy Consumption of the LCI of different Mix Types	68
                                    

Anderson, J., & Edwards, S. (2000). Addendum to BRE Methodology for environmental profiles of construction materials, components and buildings. Watford, UK: BRE.
Baumann, H., & Tillman, A. M. The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to LCA: An Orientation in Life Cycle Assessment Methodology and its Application; Studentlitteratur: Lund, Sweden, 2004. There is no corresponding record for this reference.
Birgisdóttir, H., & Christensen, T. H. (2005). Life cycle assessment model for road construction and use of residues from waste incineration. Technical University of DenmarkDanmarks Tekniske Universitet, Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringInstitut for Miljøteknologi.
Blomberg, T., Boussad, N., Coronado, J., De Jonghe, T., Ekström, L. G., Herment, R., . . . Thomas, M. (1999). Partial life cycle inventory or “eco-profile” for paving grade bitumen. Eurobitume report, 99(007).
BSI. (2010). Guidance on the Use of BS EN 13108 Bituminous Mixtures- Material Specificcation.
Bureau, C. W. (2014). Climate Records. Retrieved 30 MAy, 2014, from http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7e/climate/dailyPrecipitation/dP.htm
Cerea, P. (2011). Preventive maintenance treatments on road pavements: multiapproach life cycle assessment.
Company, T. P. Electricity Consumption. Retrieved 1 July, 2014, from http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/household/household01-1.aspx?sid=7
Contributors, W. (2014, 18 May 2014). Construction Aggregate. Retrieved 30 June, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_aggregate
Corporation, U. S. E. P. A. a. S. A. I. (2001). LCAccess - LCA 101 Retrieved from http://www.paperbox.org/Portals/0/Uploads/Sustainability/LCA 101.pdf
EAPA. (2012). European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA) - What is Asphalt. Retrieved 29 June, 2014, from http://www.eapa.org/asphalt.php?c=78
Energy, B. o. (2012). Energy Statistic Handbook.
Eurobitume. (2011). Life Cycle Inventory : Bitumen.
Fowler, M. Lectures on Heat and Thermodynamics.
Gillespie, I. (2012). Quantifying the Energy Used in an Asphalt Coating Plant. (Master of Science), University of Strathclyde.
Grant, R. M. (1989). Flexible Pavements and Bituminous Materials, Residential Course at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Häkkinen, T., & Mäkelä, K. (1996). Environmental adaption of concrete: Environmental impact of concrete and asphalt pavements. Vtt tiedotteita.
Horvath, A. (2003). Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Assessment of using recycled materials for asphalt pavements. University of California Transportation Center.
Huang, Y. (2007). Life cycle assessment of use of recycled materials in asphalt pavements.
Huang, Y., Bird, R., & Bell, M. (2009). A comparative study of the emissions by road maintenance works and the disrupted traffic using life cycle assessment and micro-simulation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 14(3), 197-204.
Hunt, D. (2008). Overcoming Operating Challenges with Warm Mix Asphalt. http://www.warmmixasphalt.com/submissions/50_20080101_Dennis Hunt - Gencor.pdf
Hunter, R. N. (2000). Asphalts in road construction: Thomas Telford.
IEA. (2012). 2012. Retrieved 30 June, 2014, from http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,28130,en.html
Interactive, P. (2009). Open-Graded. Retrieved 28 June, 2014, from http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/open-graded-hma/
Interactive, P. (2010). Mix Types. Retrieved 30 June, 2014, from http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/pavement-typesmix-types/
Korre, A., & Durucan, S. (2009). Life Cycle Assessment of Aggregates, EVA025–Final Report: Aggregates Industry Life Cycle Assessment Model: Modelling Tools and Case Studies. Waste and Resources Action Programme, Oxon.
Meil, J. (2006). A life cycle perspective on concrete and asphalt roadways: embodied primary energy and global warming potential. Athena Research Institute.
MPA. (2003). Aggregates EN-day is fast approaching. 2014(29 JUNE).
MPA. (2012). Aggregates. Retrieved 30 June, 2014, from http://www.mineralproducts.org/prod_agg01.htm
Mroueh U M, E. P. a. L.-Y. J. (2001). Life-Cycle Impact of the use of Industrial by-Products in Road and Earth Construction-Waste Management.
QPA. (2007). "How Quarries Work". Retrieved 30 Junw, 2014, from http://www.mineralproducts.org/iss_how01.htm
Radi, H. A., & Rasmussen, J. O. (2013). Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics Principles of Physics (pp. 379-425): Springer.
rba. (2012). Refined Bitumen Association. Retrieved 29 June, 2014, from http://www.bitumenuk.com/
Read, J., & Whiteoak, D. (2003). The shell bitumen handbook: Thomas Telford.
Roberts, F. L., Kandhal, P. S., Brown, E. R., Lee, D.-Y., & Kennedy, T. W. (1996). Hot mix asphalt materials, mixture design and construction.
Schenck, R. (2000). Using LCA for procurement decisions: A case study performed for the US Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental progress, 19(2), 110-116.
Serra, D. (2010). Moisture in Asphalt Production. Retrieved 29 June, 2014, from http://www.agg-net.com/article/moisture-in-asphalt-production
Stripple. (2005). Life Cycle Invetory of Asphalt Pavements-3rd Edition, Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL).
Stripple, H. (2001). Life cycle assessment of road. Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL,(March 2001).

校內：立即公開
校外：立即公開

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文