前人的研究發現CMVm啟動子會受到桿狀病毒多角體素(polh)基因的上游區域誘導而產生高背景值，以致於無法在桿狀病毒中構築一個可以受四環黴素調控的基因表現系統。本研究利用破壞polh基因的上游區域的方式首度成功的將四環黴素調控系統構築在桿狀病毒AcMNPV中達到可以調控桿狀病毒基因表現。藉由這個系統我們可以成功的調控AcMNPV的早期基因lef2的表現。lef2是目前發現的18個晚期表現因子（lefs）之一，其實際的功能尚未十分清楚。目前知道lefs對於晚期或是極晚期基因表現具有調節作用，我們利用四環黴素調控系統大量表現lef2，發現該基因可受四環黴素調控；另外大量表現lef2可以使極晚期基因（polh）的表現量提高十倍左右。未來此調控系統可用於研究基因在病毒基因體中所扮演的功能，或是應用在蛋白表現系統上利用大量表現lefs而達到增進極晚期基因（polh與p10）的表現。另一個研究的重點放在找尋HzNV-1早期基因的調控模式。HzNV -1病毒是一個可以在昆蟲進行持續感染與急性感染的模式病毒，但其調控機制尚不清楚。實驗室先前的研究在HzNV-1 病毒感染Trichoplusia ni TN-368 細胞株中發現有兩個表現很高的轉錄子分別為HzNV-1 HindIII-1 (hhi1) 與persistency-associated gene 1 (pag1)，另外也發現hhi1基因在Sf-21細胞中可以被AcMNPV 與HzNV-1所活化。我們利用純化的AcMNPV基因體轉染的方式發現hhi1啟動子之主要的具活性區域為-62~+277。進一步利用刪除方式找到AcMNPV基因體中的兩個基因，ie1與p35，在其共同存在下可以調控hhi1的表現。另外，在生物晶片的分析上也發現兩個AcMNPV的早期基因，orf21與orf25，此二基因只有在ie1與p35的共同調控下才會表現，顯示這種共同調控的機制也存在於AcMNPV病毒中，可專一性的調控桿狀病毒自己的特定基因。因此，本研究發現一個桿狀病毒的全新的基因調控機制，在此機制中，ie1 與p35可協力以調控AcMNPV及HzNV-1的早期基因。在功能的分析上發現hhi1可以專一性活化caspase 3進而使細胞產生細胞凋亡。而HzNV-1目前發現含有兩個基因（iap2 與PAT1）會抑制hhi1所產生的細胞凋亡(apoptosis)。

Previously we found that the upstream region of polh gene of baculovirus can induce a high level background expression of the CMVm promoter, therefore impossible to establish a tetracycline regulatory expression system (TRES) in baculovirus. In this study, we disrupted this upstream region of the polh gene, and for the first time successfully constructed a TRES in the genome of the baculovirus AcMNPV. We have used this system to regulate the expression of one of the early gene of baculovirus, lef2. LEF2 is one of the 18 late expression factors found in AcMNPV. Its cellular function is not yet fully understood, however, it is known that all lefs genes plays important roles during late and very late gene expression stages in baculovirus life cycle. We have over-expressed lef2 gene using the TRES, and discovered a ten-fold up-regulation of the polh promoter. The inducible TRES is therefore a useful tool in examining the cellular function of a particular baculovirus gene, as well as for stimulating the late or very late baculovirus promoters (p10 or polh) for protein expression. Another focus of this study is finding the early gene regulating mechanism of the HzNV-1 virus. HzNV-1 is a type viral species which can produce both latent and productive infections in insect cells. Previously, our laboratory have identified two highly-expressed transcripts, HzNV-1 Hind III-1 (hhi1) and persistency-associated gene 1 (pag1), from the HzNV-1 infected Trichoplusia ni TN-368 cells. In Sf-21 cells, the hhi1 gene can be activated by either AcMNPV or HzNV-1 virus infection. By co-transfection with AcMNPV viral DNA, we identified the active promoter region to be -62~+227 of the hhi1 gene. By progressive deletion of viral genomic DNA, we found two AcMNPV genes, ie1 and p35, together played an important role in hhi1 gene activation. Microarray study showed that two AcMNPV early genes, orf21 and orf25, also regulated by the co-operation between IE1 and P35, suggesting this co-operative gene regulation mechanism using ie1 and p35 gene products also occurred in the regulation of AcMNPV genome. We therefore discovered a new gene regulation mechanism within the AcMNPV genome. The co-operation between ie1 and p35 is not only up-regulates hhi1 gene expression, but also regulates early gene expression in the genome of AcMNPV. We also demonstrated that the expression of hhi1 gene in Sf-21 cells was sufficient to induce apoptotic cell death, mainly via the caspase 3 dependent pathway. Currently, two genes, the Hz-iap2 and PAT1 from HzNV-1, can inhibit hhi1-induced apoptosis.

李松泰（1995），昆蟲Hz-1病毒急性感染及持續感染關聯性基因之檢定及表現特性分析。國立台灣大學植物病蟲害學研究所博士論文。

李景欽（1998），病毒在昆蟲細胞持續感染的特性之研究。國防醫學院生命科學研究所博士論文。

張銘傳（1999），Hz-1病毒在細胞中與昆蟲寄主之分子互動研究。國立中興大學昆蟲學研究所博士論文。

黃都雅（2003），蒐尋對活化因子pu具激發作用的桿狀病毒基因。私立台北醫學院分子生物研究所碩士論文。

張奇華（2004），Hz-1病毒中hhi1基因的表現特性。南台科技大學生物科技研究所碩士論文。

黃意茹（2007），AcMNPV桿狀病毒lef-2基因缺失之分析。國立台灣大學植物病理與微生物學系碩士論文。

Atkinson, A. E., Earley, F. G., Beadle, D. J. and King, L.A. 1990. Expression and characterization of the chick nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit in insect cells using a baculovirus vector. Eur. J. Biochem. 192: 451-458.

Beck, N. B., Sidhu, J. S. and Omiecinski, C. J. 2000. Baculovirus vectors repress phenobarbital-mediated gene induction and stimulate cytokine expression in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Gene Ther. 7: 1274-1283.

Bernard, A., Payton, M. and Radford, K. R. 2001. Protein expression in the baculovirus system. Curr. Protoc. Protein. Sci. Chapter 5:Unit5.5.

Bhole, D., Allikian, M. J. and Tower, J. 2004. Doxycycline-regulated over-expression of hsp22 has negative effects on stress resistance and life span in adult Drosophila melanogaster. Mechs. Ageing Devel. 125: 651-663.

Bilimoria, S. L. 1986. Taxonomy and identification of baculovirus. In “The Biology of Baculovirus.”CRC Press Inc. Florida. pp. 37-59.

Bilssard, G. W. and Rohrmann, G. F. 1990. Baculovirus diversity and molecular biology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35: 127-155.

Bornkamm, G. W., Berens, C., Kuklik-Roos, C., Bechet, J. M., Laux, G., Bachl, J., Korndoerfer, M., Schlee, M., Holzel, M., Malamoussi, A., Chapman, R. D., Nimmerjahn, F., Mautner, J., Hillen, W., Bujard, H. and Feuillard, J. 2005. Stringent doxycycline-dependent control of gene activities using an episomal one-vector system. Nucleic Acids Res. 33: 137-143

Bradford, M. B., Blissard, G. W. and Rohrmann, G. F. 1990. Characterization of the infection cycle of the Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus in Lymantria dispar cells. J. Gen. Virol. 71: 2841-2846.

Burand, J. P., Stiles, B. and Wood, H. A. 1983. Structural and intracellular proteins of the nonoccluded baculovirus Hz-1. J. Virol. 46:137-142.

Burand, J. P., Wood, H. A. and Summers, M. D. 1983. Defective particles from a persistent baculovirus infection in Trichoplusia ni tissue culture cells. J. Gen. Virol. 64: 391-398.

Brumatti, G., Sheridan, C. and Martin, S. J. 2008. Expression and purification of recombinant annexin V for the detection of membrane alterations on apoptotic cells. Methods. 44:235-240.

Carbonell, L. F., Hodge, M. R., Tomalski, M. D. and Miller, L. K. 1988. Synthesis of a gene coding for an insect-specific scorpion neurotoxin and attempts to express it using baculovirus vectors. Gene. 73: 409-418.

Chaabihi, H., Ogliastro, M. H., Martin, M., Giraud, C., Devauchelle, G. and Cerutti, M. 1993. Competition between baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 gene expression during infection of insect cells. J. Virol. 67: 2664-2671.

Chaabihi, H., Ogliastro, M. H., Martin, M., Giraud, C., Devauchelle, G. and Cerutti, M. 1993. Competition between baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 gene expression during infection of insect cells. J. Virol. 67: 2664-2671.
Chao, Y. C., Hamblin, C. M. and. Wood, H. A. 1990. Physical map of Hz-1 baculovirus genome from standard and defective interfering particles. J. Gen. Virol. 71: 1265-1270.

Chao, Y. C., Wood, H. A., Chang, C. Y., Lee, H. J., Shen, W. C. and Lee, H. T. 1992. Differential expression of Hz-1 baculovirus genes during productive and persistent viral infections. J. Virol. 66: 1442-1448.

Chao, Y. C., Lee, S. T., Chang, M. C. , Chen, H. H., Chen, S. S., Wu, T. Y., Liu, F. H., Hsu, E. L. and Hou, R. F. 1998. A 2.9-kilobase noncoding nuclear RNA functions in the establishment of persistent Hz-1 viral infection. J. Virol. 72: 2233-2245.

Cheng, C. H., Liu, S. M., Chow, T. Y., Hsiao, Y. Y., Wang, D. P., Huang, J. J. and Chen, H. H. 2002. Analysis of the complete genome sequence of the Hz-1 virus suggests that it is related to members of the Baculoviridae. J. Virol. 76 : 9024-9035.

Choi, J. and Guarino, L. A. 1995. The baculovirus transactivator IE1 binds to viral enhancer elements in the absence of insect cell factors. J. Virol. 69: 4548-4551.

Clarke, T. E. and Clem, R. J. 2003. Insect defenses against virus infection: the role of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Immunol. 22:401-424.

Clem, R. J., Fechheimer, M. and Miller, L. K. 1991. Prevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science. 254: 1388-1390.

Clem, R. J. 1995. The role of apoptosis in defense against baculovirus infection in insects, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 289: 113–129.

Clem, R. J. 2005 The role of apoptosis in defense against baculovirus infection in insects. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 289:113-129.

Clem, R. J. 2007. Baculoviruses and apoptosis: a diversity of genes and responses. Curr Drug Targets. 8:1069-1074.

Downward, J. (2004). RNA interference. B. M. J. 328: 1245-1248.

Dubrez-Daloz, L., Dupoux, A. and Cartier, J. 2008. IAPs: more than just inhibitors of apoptosis proteins. Cell Cycle. 7:1036-1046.

Feldman, L. T., Ellison, A. R., Voytek, C. C., Yang, L., Krause, P and Margolis, T. P. 2002. Spontaneous molecular reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 99:978-983.

Evans, J. T., Leisy, D. J. and Rohrmann, G. F. 1997. Characterization of the interaction between the baculovirus replication factors LEF-1 and LEF-2. J. Virol. 71: 3114-3119.

Freundlieb, S., Schirra-Muller, C. and Bujard, H. 1999. A tetracycline controlled activation/repression system with increased potential for gene transfer into mammalian cells. J. Gene. Med. 1:4-12.

Friesen, P. D. and Miller, L. K. 1986. The regulation of baculovirus gene expression. Curr. Top. Micro. Immunol. 131: 31-49.

Fukazawa, T., Walter, B. and Owen-Schaub, L. B. 2003. Adenoviral Bid overexpression induces caspase-dependent cleavage of truncated Bid and p53-independent apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancers. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 25428-25434.

Gatz, C., Kaiser, A. and Wendenburg, R. 1991. Regulation of a modified CaMV 35S promoter by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor in transgenic tobacco. Mol. Gen. Genet. 227: 229-237.

Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. 1992. Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-responsive promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89: 5547-5551.

Gossen, M., Freundlieb, S., Bender, G., Muller, G., Hillen, W. and Bujard, H. 1995. Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. Science 268: 1766-1769.

Granados, R. R., Nguyen, T. and Cato, B. 1978. An insect cell line persistently infected with a baculovirus-like particle. Intervirology. 10: 309-317.

Granados, R. R. 1978 .Early events in the infection of Hiliothis zea midgut cells by a baculovirus. Virology. 90:170-174.

Granados, R. R., Nguyen, T. and Cato, B. 1978. An insect cell line persistently infected with a baculovirus-like particle. Intervirology. 10: 309-317.

Guarino, L. A. and Dong, W. 1991. Expression of an enhancer-binding protein in insect cells transfected with the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus IE1 gene. J. Virol. 65: 3676-3680.

Gupta, A., Gartner, J. J., Sethupathy, P., Hatzigeorgiou, A. G. and Fraser, N. W. 2006. Anti-apoptotic function of a microRNA encoded by the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript. Nature. 442:82-85.

Harrison, R. L. and Bonning, B. C. 2000. Use of proteases to improve the insecticidal activity of Baculovirus. Biol. Control. 20: 199-209.

Hasnain, S. E., Jain, A., Habib, S., Ghosh, S., Chatterji, U., Ramachandran, A., Das, P., Venkaiah, B., Pandey, S., Liang, B., Ranjan, A., Natarajan, K. and Azim, C. A. 1997. Involvement of host factors in transcription from baculovirus very late promoters -- a review. Gene. 190: 113-118

Hink, W. F. 1972.Insect tissue culture. Adv Appl Microbiol. 15:157-214.
Ho, Y., Lo, H. R., Lee, T. C., Wu, C. P. and Chao, Y. C. 2004. Enhancement of correct protein folding in vivo by a non-lytic baculovirus. Biochem. J. 382: 695-702.

Huh, N. E. and Weaver, R. F. 1990. Categorizing some early and late transcripts directed by the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Gen. Virol. 71: 2195-200.

Hu, Y. C., Yao, K. and Wu, T. Y. 2008. Baculovirus as an expression and/or delivery vehicle for vaccine antigens. Expert. Rev. Vaccines. 7:363-71.

Huang, Y. S., Hedberg, M. and Kawanishi, C. Y. 1982. Characterization of the DNA of a nonoccluded baculovirus, Hz-1V. J. Virol. 43: 174-181.

Ignoffo, C. M., Shapiro, M. and Hink, W. F. 1971. Replication and serial passage of infectious Heliothis nucleopolyhedrosis virus in an established line of Heliothis zea cells. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 18:131-134.

Jiang, S. S., Chang, I. S., Huang, L. W., Chen, P. C., Wen, C. C., Liu, S. C, Chien, L. C., Lin, C. Y., Hsiung, C. A. and Juang, J. L. 2006. Temporal transcription program of recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus. J. Virol. 80:8989-99.

Kafri, T., van Praag, H., Gage, F. H. and Verma, I. M. 2000. Lentiviral vectors: regulated gene expression. Mol. Ther. 1: 516-521.

Kamita, S. G., Majima, K. and Maeda, S. 1993. Identification and characterization of the p35 gene of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus that prevents virus-induced apoptosis. J. Virol. 67: 455-463.

Kovacs, G. R., Choi, J., Guarino, L. A. and Summers, M. D. 1992. Functional dissection of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate-early 1 transcriptional regulatory protein. J. Virol. 66: 7429-7437

Kost, T. A., Condreay, J. P. and Jarvis, D. L. 2005. Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 567-575.

Kovacs, G. R., Choi, J., Guarino, L. A. and Summers, M. D. 1992. Functional dissection of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate-early 1 transcriptional regulatory protein. J. Virol. 66: 7429-7437.

Kuhnel, F., Fritsch, C., Krause, S., Mundt, B., Wirth, T., Paul, Y., Malek, N. P., Zender, L., Manns, M. P. and Kubicka, S. 2004. Doxycyline regulation in a single retroviral vector by an autoregulatory loop facilitates controlled gene expression in liver cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 32: e30

Lannan, E., Vandergaast, R. and Friesen, P. D. 2007. Baculovirus caspase inhibitors P49 and P35 block virus-induced apoptosis downstream of effector caspase DrICE activation in Drosophila melanogaster cells. J. Virol. 81: 9319-9330.

Lee, S. T., Yu, S. M., Hsu, E. L. and Chao, Y. C. 1995. Identification of a very early promoter of insect Hz-1 virus using a novel dual-expression shuttle vector. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 4683-4689.

Li, L., Harwood, S. H. and Rohrmann, G. F. 1999. Identification of additional genes that influence baculovirus late gene expression. Virology. 255: 9–19.

Lin G and Blissard, G. W. 2002a. Analysis of an Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus lef-11 knockout: LEF-11 is essential for viral DNA replication. J. Virol. 76: 2770-2779.

Lin, G and Blissard, G. W. 2002b. Analysis of an Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus lef-6-null virus: LEF-6 is not essential for viral replication but appears to accelerate late gene transcription. J. Virol. 76: 5503-5512.

Liu, C. Y., Wang, C. H., Wang, J. C. and Chao, Y. C. 2007. Stimulation of baculovirus transcriptome expression in mammalian cells by baculoviral transcriptional activators. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 2176-2184.

Lo, H. R., Chou, C. C., Wu, T. Y., Yuen, J. P. and Chao, Y.C. 2002. Novel baculovirus DNA elements strongly stimulate activities of exogenous and endogenous promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 5256-5264.

Lo, H. R. and Chao, Y. C. 2004. Rapid titer determination of baculovirus by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Biotechnol. Prog. 20: 354-360.

Lopez-Ferber, M., Sisk, W. P. and Possee, R. D. 1995. Baculovirus transfer vectors. Methods Mol. Biol. 39: 25-63.

Lu, A. and Miller, L. K. 1995. The roles of eighteen baculovirus late expression factor genes in transcription and DNA replication. J. Virol. 69: 975-982.

Lycett, G. J., Kafatos, F. C., Loukeris, T. G. 2004. Conditional expression in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi with Tet-On and Tet-Off Systems. Genetics 167: 1781-1790.

Maeda, S., Kawai, T., Obinata, M., Fujiwara, H., Horiuchi, T., Saeki, Y., Sato, Y. and Furusawa, M. 1985. Production of human alpha-interferon in silkworm using a baculovirus vector. Nature. 315, 592-594.

Manji, G. A. and Friesen, P. D. 2001. Apoptosis in motion. An apical, P35-insensitive caspase mediates programmed cell death in insect cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 16704-16710.

Mayo, M. A., Christian, P.D., Hillmann, B. I., Brunt, A. A., and Desselberger, U. 2005. The unassigned viruses. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds.) Virus Taxonomy – Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer-Verlag, NewYork, pp 1129–1144.

McCormick, C. J., Rowlands, D. J. & Harris, M. 2002. Efficient delivery and regulable expression of hepatitis C virus full-length and minigenome constructs in hepatocyte-derived cell lines using baculovirus vectors. J. Gen. Virol. 83: 383–394

McCormick, C. J., Challinor, L., Macdonald, A., Rowlands, D. J. and Harris, M. 2004. Introduction of replication-competent hepatitis C virus transcripts using a tetracycline-regulable baculovirus delivery system. J. Gen. Virol. 85: 429-439.

McIntosh, A. H., and Ignoffo, C. M. 1981. Establishment of a persistent baculovirus infection in a lepidopteran cell line. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 8: 395-403.

Mikhailov, V. S. and Rohrmann, G. F. 2002. Baculovirus replication factor LEF-1 is a DNA primase. J. Virol. 76: 2287-97.

Mizuguchi, H. and Hayakawa, T. 2001. Characteristics of adenovirus-mediated tetracycline-controllable expression system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1568: 21-29.

Mizuguchi, H. and Hayakawa, T. 2002. The tet-off system is more effective than the tet-on system for regulating transgene expression in a single adenovirus vector. J. Gene Med. 4: 240-247.

Miller, L. K. 1989. Insect baculoviruses: powerful gene expression vectors. Bioessays. 11: 91-95.

Miller, L. K. 1988. Baculovirus as gene expression vectors. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 42: 177-199.

Miller, L. K., Lingg, A. J. and Bulla, L. A. 1983. Baculovirus, viral and fungal insecticides. Science. 219. 715-712.

Morris, T. D. and Miller, L. K. 1992. Promoter influence on baculovirus-mediated gene expression in permissive and nonpermissive insect cell lines. J. Virol. 66: 7397-7405.

Olson, V. A., Wetter, J. A. and Friesen, P. D. 2001. Oligomerization mediated by a helix-loop-helix-like domain of baculovirus IE1 is required for early promoter transactivation. J. Virol. 75: 6042-6052.

O’Reilly, D. R., Miller, L. K. and Luckow, V. A. 1992. Baculovirus Expression Vectors: A Laboratory Manual. W. H. Freeman and Comoany, New York. 347pp.

O'Reilly, D. R., Miller, L. K. and Luckow, V. A. 1994. Baculovirus Expression Vectors: A Laboratory Manual. Oxford University Press. New York.

Patterson, R. M., Selkirk, J. K. and Merrick, B. A. 1995. Baculovirus and insect cell gene expression: review of baculovirus biotechnology. Environ. Health Perspect. 103: 756-759

Pathakamuri, J. A. and Theilmann, D. A. 2002. The acidic activation domain of the baculovirus transactivator IE1 contains a virus-specific domain essential for DNA replication. J. Virol. 76: 5598-5604.

Pecota, D. C. and Da Silva, N. A. 2005. Evaluation of the tetracycline promoter system for regulated gene expression in Kluyveromyces marxianus.
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 92: 117-123.

Pennock, G. D., Shoemaker, C. and Miller, L. K. 1984. Strong and regulated expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in insect cells with a baculovirus vector. Mol. Cell Biol. 4:399-406.

Possee, R. D. 1997. Baculoviruses as expression vectors. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8: 569-572.

Posses, R. D. 1993. Viral approaches for insect control. In L. Kim. Advanced Engineered Pesticides. Marcel Dekker, Inc. N. Y. Based, HongKong. 99-112.

Prikhod'ko, E. A. and Miller, L. K. 1996. Induction of apoptosis by baculovirus transactivator IE1. J. Virol. 70:7116-7124.

Prikhod'ko, E. A. and Miller, L. K. 1999. The baculovirus PE38 protein augments apoptosis induced by transactivator IE1. J. Virol. 73:6691-6699.

Rapp, J. C., Wilson, J. A. and Miller, L. K. 1998. Nineteen baculovirus open reading frames, including LEF-12, support late gene expression. J. Virol. 72: 101971-10206.

Ralston, A. L., Huang, Y. S. and Kawannishi, C. Y. 1981. Cell culture studies with the IMC-Hz-1 nonoccluded virus. Virology. 115: 33-44.

Roncarati, R. and Knebel-Morsdorf, D. 1997. Identification of the early actin-rearrangement-inducing factor gene, arif-1, from Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Virol. 71: 7933-7941

Rodems, S. M., Pullen, S. S. and Friesen, P. D. 1997. DNA-dependent transregulation by IE1 of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: IE1 domains required for transactivation and DNA binding. J. Virol. 71: 9270-9271.

Ross, L. and Guarino, L. A. 1997. Cycloheximide inhibition of delayed early gene expression in baculovirus-infected cells. Virology. 232: 105-113.

Rohel, D. Z. and Faulkner, P. 1984. Time Course Analysis and Mapping of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Transcripts. J. Virol. 50:739-747.

Rohrmann, G. F. 1986. Polyhedrin structure. J. Gen. Virol. 67: 1499-1514.

Rohrmann, G. F. 1992. Baculovirus structural protein. J. Gen. Virol. 73: 749-761.

Shapiro, M. and Ignoffo, C. M. 1971. Amino acid and nucleic acid analyses of inclusion bodies of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis zea, nucleopolyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr Pathol. 18:154-155.

Smith, G. E., Summers, M. D. and Fraser, M. J. 1983. Production of human beta interferon in insect cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector. Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 2156-2165.

Sriram, S. and Gopinathan, K.P. 1998. The potential role of a late gene expression factor, lef-2, from Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus in very late gene transcription and DNA replication. Virology. 251: 108-122.

Stebbins, M. J., Urlinger, S., Byrne, G., Bello, B., Hillen, W. and Yin JC. 2001. Tetracycline-inducible systems for Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98: 10775-107780.

Stewart, L.M.D., Hirst, M., Ferber, M.L., Merryweather, A.T., Cayley, P. J. and Possee, R. D. 1991. Contruction of an improved Baculovirus insecticide containing an insect-specific toxin gene. Nature. 352, 85-88

Summers, M. D. and Anderson, D. L. 1972. Granulosis virus deoxyribonucleic acid: a closed, double-stranded molecule. J. Virol. 9: 710-713.

Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H. K. 1993. DNA-viral infections: baculoviridae. In “Insect Pathology” pp 171-220. Academic Press. London.

Tietge, U. J., Kozarsky, K. F., Donahee, M. H. and Rader, D. J. 2003. A tetracycline-regulated adenoviral expression system for in vivo delivery of transgenes to lung and liver. J. Gene. Med. 5: 567-575.

Thompson, R. L. and Sawtell, N. M. 2006. Evidence that the herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 protein does not initiate reactivation from latency in vivo. J. Virol. 80:10919-10930.

Todd, J. W., Passarelli, A. L. and Miller, L. K. 1995. Eighteen baculovirus genes, including lef-11, p35, 39K, and p47, support late gene expression. J. Virol. 69: 968-974.

Todd, J. W., Passarelli, A. L., Lu, A. and Miller, L. K. 1996. Factors regulating baculovirus late and very late gene expression in transient-expression assays. J. Virol. 70: 2307-2317.

Tomalski, M. D. and Miller, L. D. 1991. Insect paralysis by baculovirus-mediated expression of a mite neurotoxin gene. Nature. 352:82-85.

Tweeten, K. A., Bulla, L. A. and Consigli, R. A. 1980 Characterization of an extremely basic protein derived from granulosis virus nucleocapsids. J. Virol. 33:866-876.

Volkman, L. E. and Summers, M. D. 1977. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: comparative infectivity of the occluded, alkali-liberated, and nonoccluded forms. J. Invertebr Pathol. 30: 102-103.

Volkman, L. E. and Goldsmith, P. A. 1985. Mechanism of neutralization of budded Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus. by a monoclonal antibody: inhibition of entry by adsorptive endocytosis. Virology.143: 185-195.

Volkman, L. E., G. W. Blissard, P. D. Friesen, B. A. Keddie, R. D. Possee, and D. A. Theilmann. 1995. Virus taxonomy: The classification and nomenclature of viruses, p. 104-113. In F. A. Murphy, C. M. Fauquet, D. H. L. Bishop, S. A. Ghabrial, A. W. Javis, G. P. Martelli, M. A. Mayo, and M. D. Summers (ed.). The sixth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer-Verlag Wein, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Valk, J. M., Smith, G. E. and Summers, M. D. 1981. Hybridization selection and in vitro translation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus mRNA. J. Virol. 42: 762-771.

Wong, E. T., Kolman, J. L., Li, Y. C., Mesner, L. D., Hillen, W., Berens, C. and Wahl, G. M. 2005. Reproducible doxycycline-inducible transgene expression at specific loci generated by Cre-recombinase mediated cassette exchange. Nucleic Acids Res. 33: 147.

Wang, Y., Kleespies, R. G., Huger, A. M. and Jehle, J. A. 2007a. The genome of Gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus indicates an ancient diversification of baculovirus-related nonoccluded nudiviruses of insects. J. Virol. 81: 5395-5406.

Wang, Y., van Oers, M. M., Crawford, A. M., Vlak, J. M. and Jehle, J. A. 2007b. Genomic analysis of Oryctes rhinoceros virus reveals genetic relatedness to Heliothis zea virus 1. Arch. Virol. 152: 519-531.

Wu D, Murakami K, Liu N, Inoshima Y, Yokoyama T, Kokuho T, Inumaru S, Matsumura T, Kondo T, Nakano K, Sentsui H. 2002. Expression of biologically active recombinant equine interferon-gamma by two different baculovirus gene expression systems using insect cells and silkworm larvae. Cytokine. 20: 63-69.

Wilson, M. E., Mainprize, T. H., Friesen, P.D. and Miller, L. K. 1987. Location, transcription, and sequence of a baculovirus gene encoding a small arginine-rich polypeptide.J. Virol. 61:661-666.

Wood, H. A. and Burand, J. P. 1986. Persistent and productive infections with the Hz-1 baculovirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 131:119-33.

Wilson, M. E. and Price, K. H. 1988. Association of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) with the nuclear matrix. Virology. 167: 233-41.

Wu, T. Y., Liono, L., Chen, S. L., Chen, C. Y. and Chao, Y. C. 2000. Expression of highly controllable genes in insect cells using a modifed tetracycline-regulated gene expression system. J. Biotechnol. 80: 75-83.

Yoo, S. and Guarino, L. A. 1994. The Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus ie-2 gene encodes a transcriptional regulator. Virology. 202: 746-753.

Zeidler, M., Gatz, C., Hartmann, E. and Hughes, J. 1996. Tetracycline-regulated reporter gene expression in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Plant Mol. Biol. 30: 199-205.