| 研究生: |
柯雅齡 Ko, Ya-Ling |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
台灣各類老年年金給付之適足性與公平性差異 Differences in Adequacy and Equality among Benefits of Old Age Pension Programs in Taiwan |
| 指導教授: |
楊靜利
Yang, Ching-Li |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
醫學院 - 老年學研究所 Institute of Gerontology |
| 論文出版年: | 2011 |
| 畢業學年度: | 99 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 84 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 老年年金 、基礎年金 、職業年金 、適足性 、公平性 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | old pension, basic pension, occupational pension, adequacy, equality |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:93 下載:9 |
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我國的老年經濟安全制度主要依就業身分區分,一般勞工與軍公教人員分別適用不同的辦法,農民另有農民敬老津貼(俗稱農民年金),非就業者則適用國民年金保險,因此給付條件、方式與額度並不一致,經常招致「獨厚軍公教」的批評。晚近幾年台灣年金制度有比較大的進展,2007年開始將勞基法退休金改為個人帳戶制,2008年將勞保老年、殘障與遺屬給付從一次給付改為年金給付,同時開辦國民年金,「全民皆年金」的階段性目標已經達到,老年年金給付的「適足性」與制度設計的「公平性」問題,成為後續的努力重點。另一方面,新制度是否使得「獨厚軍公教」問題獲得改善,也是大家相當關注的議題。
本文將針對各就業身分人口所屬的老年年金制度內容進行比較與討論。由於軍人相關給付資料涉及國防安全難以取得,而老年農民津貼屬暫行條例、並無完整財務處理機制,軍人與農漁民兩類人口將不納入討論。因此本研究所探討之老年經濟保障制度,包括勞工保險、勞工退休金制度、公教人員保險、公教人員退撫制度以及國民年金保險五項。我們藉由各制度的統計年報取得被保險人之年齡或年資與投保薪資資料,計算每個年齡組或年資組的投保薪資之十分位數落點(即第10、20、30…百分位數)的值,然後在年齡軸上連結這些十分位數落點,代表十種不同所得狀況的被保險人一生之所得成長趨勢,並依據相關法規與施行細則試算民眾繳費或提撥金額與老年退休給付,然後使用適足性與公平性兩項評估指標來比較各類老年年金給付之間的差異。適足性分為:(1) 絕對適足性,(2) 相對適足性,前者以可用領取之年金額度來測量,多用來評估基礎年金的保障水準;後者指所得替代率,多用來評估職業年金的保障水準。公平性的指標包括:(1) 繳費與給付間的對等性(終身繳費較多者領取的給付總額較高),(2) 邊際犧牲相等原則(所得愈低者年金給付的所得替代率愈高),(3) 所得重分配效果(退休前後所得分配之吉尼係數改善狀況)。
絕對適足性我們以貧窮線9,829元做為年金額度比較基礎,取各基礎年金試算40年年資給付中最低金額來進行比較,僅勞工保險的10,714元符合該標準,公教人員保險雖然年金化給付 (6,715元) 將優於一次金 (4,695元) ,但仍未達到貧窮線標準。而職業年金的相對適足性評估,則由勞工退休金與軍公教退撫制度的所得替代率來進行比較,結果顯示,在各種年資狀況下,公教人員體係之所得替代率皆遠高於勞工體系,例如40年年資的公教退撫制度之所得替代率為70%,勞工退休金則約為19%到22%。
在公平性方面,有關繳費與給付的對等性,係以薪資級距較高組之給付金額,相對於薪資級距第一組給付金額之倍數來討論,結果顯示勞保與公保兩者均符合繳費與給付之對等性,而所得愈低者年金給付的所得替代率也愈高。有關邊際犧牲相等原則,公教人員體系的吉尼係數為0.0877,相較於勞工體系退休前後的吉尼係數 ( 退休前0.1646,退休後0.1601 ) 都較小,亦即公教體系無論退休與否,該體係的所得分配均等性都較勞工體系為佳。
公教與勞工兩體系的年金給付額度(分別合併第一層與第二層的保障)差異甚大,除了因為退休前薪資水準不同(功績差異)所致,制度設計的不同(設計差異)也是原因之一;功績差異不能說是「獨厚軍公教」,設計差異就有值得檢討之處了,是故我們建議拉近公教與勞工兩體系的退休給付之所得替代率為制度改革的重點。實際的做法可將勞工體系的基礎年金所得替代率維持六成,而職業年金則提升至百分之二十五,則勞工退休金的提撥率需從目前的百分之六調高至百分之九;公教體系則建議將公保給付水準提升至最低生活費標準(約退休前所得的百分之十五),以確保公保被保險人年金給付的絕對適足性。在公保所得替代率提升的狀態下,職業給付的所得替代率就可微幅下調至六成。如此一來,勞工與公教體系從業人員雖然因為職業身分別而存在薪資差異,但從退休給付的所得替代率角度來看,兩個體系的退休保障就相當接近了。
The pension programs in Taiwan vary with one’s occupation, which means the contribution, financing, and benefit are different among different occupational groups. The fragmentation of pension system leads to a popular critics of preferring militaries, teachers and government officials. In the past, most programs with old age benefit are lump sum payment, while almost all programs were annualized recently. In addition, a brand new National Pension Program for those who are not employed was implemented in 2008. Today, for those who are 25 years old or above, there must be one kind of pension program provided. Nevertheless, the fragmentation is not changed and the issue of pension stratification needs deeper scrutiny after these reforms. Therefore, this thesis aims to compare and discuss the adequacy and equality among different old pension programs in Taiwan, including Labor Insurance, Labor Pension, National Pension Insurance, Government Employee and School Staff Insurance (GESSI), and Public Service Pension System.
We use both adequacy and equality as indicators to make evaluation for each program. Adequacy includes absolute adequacy and relative adequacy. The former is based on poverty line and used for the first tier of basic pension while the latter measured by replacement rate and used for the second tier of occupational pension. Equality includes within-program and between-programs. Equality of within-program is about the parity between contribution and benefit and the equal marginal sacrifice. Equality of between-program is for the improvement of income distribution before and after retirement in different programs. To evaluate equality we need lifetime contribution and benefit for each person affiliated to each program. Unfortunately this kind of data is not available. Therefore, we derived figures of age-specific (or insured year-specific) insured wage from annual report of each program and mark the deciles of each age group, then connect the same deciles of each age group to construct 10 synthetic lifetime wage trends. Applying to each program’s rules, we estimated the paralleled pension benefit of those 10 wage groups and calculated the replacement rates.
First of all, we calculated the benefit of a person with 40 years of service for the first decile group of each program, then compared the estimates with the official poverty line (9,829 NT dollars for Taiwan province in 2010) to evaluate the absolute adequacy. The results show that only the benefit of Labor Insurance (10,714 NT dollars) reached the level of official poverty line. Though Public Service Pension System will annualize in the near future and the benefit level will be improved, the expected benefit for the first decile group (6,715 NT dollars) still doesn’t catch the poverty line.
Secondly, for relative adequacy, we compared Labor Pension and GESSI and the results show that the replacement rate of GESSI benefit is higher than the replacement rate of Labor Pension benefit in any seniority. For example, replacement rate of GESSI benefit is 70 percent for those who have 40 years of contribution while the counterpart of Labor Pension is about 19 to 22 percent. Finally, about the equality on parity between contribution and benefit, we estimated the ratio of benefits of higher level wage groups to the first decile wage group. Both labor insurance and GESSI perform quite well. Nevertheless, it comes differently to equal marginal sacrifice principle and distributional utility. The Gini coefficient of GESSI is 0.0877 and is lower than the Gini coefficient of Labor system (0.1601)
After all evaluations and comparisons, we made two suggestions for further reform (1) rising the benefit of National Pension Insurance to fulfill the requirement of absolute adequacy, (2) enhancing the equality between Labor Pension system and Government and teacher system by raising the contribution rate of Labor Pension. For the second suggestion, we proposed the replacement rate of Labor Insurance is still kept at 60 percent, and Labor Pension is raised to 25 percent. For the Government and teacher system, we proposed the replacement rate of occupational program (GESSI) is kept at 60 percent and shift the surplus of original benefit from GESSI which is more than 60 percent to basic pension (Public Service Pension System), then replacement rate of pension benefit in Public Service Pension System could reach 15 percent. As a result, the total replacement rate of pension benefit in Labor system will be higher than that in government and teacher system, though the amount of pension benefit in Labor system is still less than that in government and teacher system.
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