簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 關和薇
Kruehirun, Vichuda
論文名稱: 從顧客感知價值角度探討服務共創: 泰國美食企業家案例研究
Exploring the Service Co-Creation from the Customer Perceived Value Perspective: The Case Study of Thai Gastronomy Entrepreneur
指導教授: 仲曉玲
Chung, Hsiao-Ling
楊佳翰
YANG, Chia-Han
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 規劃與設計學院 - 創意產業設計研究所
Institute of Creative Industries Design
論文出版年: 2022
畢業學年度: 110
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 160
中文關鍵詞: 泰國美食顧客感知價值服務共創價值共創文化
外文關鍵詞: Thai Gastronomy, Customer Perceived Value, Service Co-Creation, Value Co-Creation, Cultural Value
相關次數: 點閱:172下載:31
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 隨著泰國美食業日益受到國際讚譽,「泰國美食的價值」成為人們省思的議題。泰國是世界最大的食品出口國之一,而美食業是推動其創意經濟發展的關鍵部門之一,它在 2020 年為其創造了約 2800 億泰銖(84億美元)的收入,約占其創意經濟之經濟價值的四分之一。儘管如此,泰國卻沒有明確且具體的政策和措施以鼓勵其美食企業家將泰國文化價值觀融入其企業中,使其充分體現泰國美食價值。除此之外,顧客的投入對美食企業的進步至關重要,其影響力甚至擴及整個美食產業的發展;因此,目前有許多美食創業家正在進行跨產業合作,進行服務共創。奠基於此,本研究從「用餐者」和「瀏覽者」的感知價值視角,重新探討泰國當今的美食價值;其中,「瀏覽者」藉由觀看與泰式餐廳的相關內容以感知泰國美食文化,比「用餐者」更為敏感,他們扮演的角色在當今美食企業的業務環境中益發重要。
    因此,本研究回顧了泰國政府的的官方文件,了解泰國發展創意產業的政策和措施、爬梳這些政策如何促進泰國美食企業家的發展,並採用案例研究和定性方法,探討泰國美食企業家與其他創意內容部門共同創造的客戶感知價值,為泰國美食企業家提供基於「客戶感知價值」構思的服務共創指南。
    本研究發現:1)泰國政府應建立以創意服務和跨產業合作為主的美食產業政策,為泰國的創意產業提供附加價值;2)透過服務共創,泰國美食的審美、條件、歷史、地域、以及精神價值更容易地被接收與感知;3)為泰國美食創業家提供一套可用於企業發展的服務共創指南。上述發現有助於了解泰國的政策和措施該如何施行,以幫助泰國美食產業;對於將泰國美食企業家的文化價值融入其服務也具有重要意義。

    "What is the value of Thai gastronomy nowadays?" Thai gastronomy is increasingly gaining international acclaim. The gastronomy industry in Thailand consistently accounts for about one-fourth of the creative economy's worth. Nevertheless, there are no concrete policies or measures in Thailand that encourage its entrepreneurs to substantially embody Thai gastronomic values into their businesses. Also, critical to the development of gastronomy businesses is customer input. As a result, it is time to investigate customer perceived value, including both diners and viewers, as viewers are becoming increasingly important in today's business environment and can perceive additional values with diners, and many gastronomy entrepreneurs are implementing service co-creation with those of other sectors.
    Therefore, this study was conducted in the form of document analysis, using Thai government documents in order to identify how its policies and measures encouraged Thai gastronomy entrepreneurs. A Case study supplemented by a service design tool was employed in this study. First, an online questionnaire with customer perceived value was conducted to examine overall customers' perceptions, and the findings were divided into three clusters. Second, content analysis and semi/in-depth interviews were parallelly used to explore restaurant owner and content creators' viewpoints and attitudes as well as diner and viewer perceived value co-created by Thai gastronomy entrepreneur and those creative content sectors and establish three personas of customers. Finally, they were also used to provide Thai gastronomy entrepreneurs with service co-creation guidelines conceived and based on customer perceived value.
    The study reveals that 1) Thai government should establish policies which focus on expanding and utilising the potential of gastronomy industry through the development of creative services and collaboration with other sectors to provide additional value for Thailand's creative industries as a whole; 2) aesthetic, conditional, epistemic and historical values are more clearly perceived through service co-creation than dine in the restaurants; and 3) This study concludes with service co-creation guidelines, which is mechanism: how to “co”, for Thai gastronomy entrepreneurs to employ for their business. These findings have significant implications for understanding how Thai gastronomy entrepreneur can incorporate cultural values into their services, as well as how Thai policies and measures can facilitate this process.

    Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...................…….……ii 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………………...................….……iii Table of Contents…………………………………………...……………………….......................………iv List of Tables………………...………………………………………………………………..........................viii List of Figures………………………………………………………………………....................………...…ix Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Research Background ……………………………………………………………….......………….1 1.1.1 From global Thai gastronomy phenomenon to local gastronomy entrepreneurs………………………………………………………………………………………........……1 1.1.2 From top-down policies to customer input bottom-up customer input...9 1.2 Research Motivation …………………………………………………………………………........12 1.3 Key terminology and concepts……………………………………………………………........13 1.3.1 Gastronomy Entrepreneurs………………………………………………………………....... 13 1.3.2 Customer Perceived Value………………………………………………………………………13 1.3.3 Service Co-creation………………………………………………………………………………...13 1.4 Research objectives and research questions….………………………………………….14 1.5 Research conceptual framework..……………………………………………………………...15 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Gastronomy Entrepreneurs: Policies, Practises, and Cultural Values ………...16 2.1.1 Gastronomy from a Cultural Upholder to Contribution Creative Economy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...16 2.1.2 Value-based Economy: Evaluation of Gastronomy Cultural Values..............22 2.2 The connection between Customer Perceived Value and Gastronomy Entrepreneurs...............................................................................................................................26 2.2.1 The Concept of Customer Perceived Value.............................................................27 2.2.2 Equalizing the role of diners and viewers................................................................29 2.3 The Service Co-creation: Dining and Content Viewing.........................................32 2.3.1 Service Co-creation Process.........................................................................................32 2.3.2 Service Co-creation with Creative Content Sector...............................................35 2.4 Thai Gastronomy Entrepreneurs: POTONG Restaurant………………..……………..37 2.4.1 Thai gastronomy entrepreneurship in the current Thai creative economy.37 2.4.2 Gastronomy Main Player: Restaurants.....................................................................44 Chapter Three: Research Design and Method 3.1 Research Framework and Flow……………………………………..………………….....…….46 3.2 Case Introduction……………………………………..……………..........…………..…..………....48 3.2.1 Case Selection Criteria……………………………………………………………………………48 3.2.2 Background of the selected case: A Thai restaurant named POTONG.......49 3.3 Research Method ……………………………………..………………………………..……………..52 3.3.1 Case Study Approach……………………………………………………………………………..52 3.3.2 Mixed Methods Approach……………………………………………………………………...52 3.3.3 Service Design Tools: Customer Journey Map………………………………………..55 3.4 Data Collection and Analysis…..………………………………………………………………...56 3.4.1 Data Collection………………………………………………………………………………………56 3.4.2 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………60 Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings 4.1 Data Analysis of the Document Analysis: Is gastronomy a new hope in Thailand?...............…………………………………………………………………………………………….63 4.1.1 New engines of growth………………………………………………………………………….63 4.1.2 Gastronomy entrepreneurs: Opportunities and Challenges……………….....68 4.1.3 Adopted service co-creation………………………………………………………………….72 4.1.4 Gastronomy at the level of a capital city like Bangkok…………………………...76 4.2 Data Analysis on the Questionnaire: Fundamental comprehension of similarities and contrasts in diner and viewer perceived value………………………………………………...77 4.2.1 The Dining and Restaurant Owned-Content Viewing Experiences: Attitudes and Behaviours………………………………………………………………………………………………………78 4.2.2 Diner and viewer perceived value of Thai Gastronomy Entrepreneurs and the Service Co-Creation…………………………………………………………………………………………………….88 4.2.3 Diners and Viewers Cluster……………………………………………………………………..92 4.3 Data Analysis on Interviews and Content: Insight out of customers and entrepreneurs……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..97 4.3.1 Customer Perceived Value Persona………………………………………………………...97 4.3.2 Data Analysis on Content: POTONG Values…………………………………………..111 4.3.3 Service co-creation: POTONG Restaurant and Content Sector……….........116 Chapter Five: Discussion 5.1 Incubating the New Engine Growth of Thailand: Gastronomy…….………...124 5.1.1 National Level………………………………………………………………………………………124 5.1.2 City Level………………………………………………………………………………………………126 5.2 Thai Gastronomy Value Nowadays from customer perceived value perspective……….127 5.3 Proposed Service Co-Creation Guidelines……………………………………………...132 5.3.1 Co-design…………………………………………………………………………………………….133 5.3.2 Co-production……………………………………………………………………………………..135 5.3.3 Co-promotion……………………………………………………………………………………...135 Chapter Six: Conclusions 6.1 Implication for Practice……………………………………………………………………..……138 6.2 Research Limitation………………………………………………………………………………...138 6.3 Recommendation for Future Study……………………..………………………...…….....138 References…………………………………………………………………...............………………………140 Appendix……………………………………………….....…………………………………………………...151 Questionnaire Design…………………………………………………..………………...............…….149 In-depth Interview Structure……………………………………………………...............…………157

    Akaka, M. A., Schau, H. J., & Vargo, S. L. (2013). The Co-Creation of Value-in-Cultural-Context. In Consumer Culture Theory (pp. 265-284). https://doi.org/10.1108/s0885-2111(2013)0000015018

    Ann Suwaree Ashton, S. L., and Rasmee Islam. (2020). THE DEVELOPMENT OF VALUE PERCEPTION TOWARD CULTURAL TOURISM DESTINATION: A NORTHEAST THAILAND CASE STUDY. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4, 243-252.

    Antón, C., Camarero, C., Laguna, M., & Buhalis, D. (2019). Impacts of authenticity, degree of adaptation and cultural contrast on travellers’ memorable gastronomy experiences. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(7), 743-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2019.1564106

    Arina, N., & Rustiadi, S. ((2018). Cooperation, Collaboration, and Co-creation: A Review of Existing Literature and Applications. International Journal of Family Business Practices(1(2)), 104-124.

    Basaran, G., & Sunnetcioglu, S. (2021). Turkish anime viewers’ approach to Japanese cuisine culture. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-021-00085-5

    Belfiore, E. (2018). Whose cultural value? Representation, power and creative industries. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 26(3), 383-397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2018.1495713

    Björk, P., & Kauppinen-Räisänen, H. (2017). A destination’s gastronomy as a means for holiday well-being. British Food Journal, 119(7), 1578-1591. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2016-0394

    Bogers, M., & Jensen, J. D. (2017). Open for business? An integrative framework and empirical assessment for business model innovation in the gastronomic sector. British Food Journal, 119(11), 2325-2339. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2017-0394

    Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0902027

    Brunsø, K., Birch, D., Memery, J., Temesi, Á., Lakner, Z., Lang, M., Dean, D., & Grunert, K. G. (2021). Core dimensions of food-related lifestyle: A new instrument for measuring food involvement, innovativeness and responsibility. Food Quality and Preference, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104192

    Carpio, N. M., Napod, W., & Do, H. W. (2021). Gastronomy as a factor of tourists' overall experience: a study of Jeonju, South Korea. International Hospitality Review, 35(1), 70-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/ihr-08-2020-0031

    Chang, J., Morrison, A. M., Lin, S. H.-H., & Ho, C.-Y. (2020). How do food consumption motivations and emotions affect the experiential values and well-being of foodies? British Food Journal, 123(2), 627-648. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2020-0355

    Doyle, L., Brady, A.-M., & Byrne, G. (2009). An overview of mixed methods research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 14(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987108093962

    Ekaterina Travkina, & Sacco, P. L. (2020). Culture shock: COVID-19 and the cultural and creative sectors. OECD 2020.

    Fabienne Abadie, Loannis Maghiros, & Pascu, C. (2008). The future evolution of the creative content industries. Joint Research Center of EU.

    Fatanti, M. N., & Suyadnya, I. W. (2015). Beyond User Gaze: How Instagram Creates Tourism Destination Brand? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 1089-1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.145

    Forleo, M. B., & Benedetto, G. (2020). Creative Cities of Gastronomy: Towards relationship between city and countryside. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100247

    Gonzalez Santa Cruz, F., Moral-Cuadra, S., Choque Tito, J., & Lopez-Guzman, T. (2020, May 21). Gastronomic Motivations and Perceived Value of Foreign Tourists in the City of Oruro (Bolivia): An Analysis Based on Structural Equations. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103618

    Guion, L. A., Diehl, D. C., & McDonald, D. . (2011). Conducting an in-depth interview. EDIS(8).

    Hakan Yılmaza, & Yükselb, N. A. (2021). GASTRONOMY-THEMED MOVIES. Journal of Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality. https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.955118

    Harrington, R. J. (2008). Defining Gastronomic Identity. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 4(2-3), 129-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J385v04n02_10

    Hegarty, J. O. M., Barry (2001). Gastronomy: a phenomenon of cultural expressionism and an aesthetic for living. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 20(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(00)00028-1

    Heim, I., Kalyuzhnova, Y., Li, W., & Liu, K. (2019). Value co‐creation between foreign firms and indigenous small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kazakhstan's oil and gas industry: The role of information technology spillovers. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(6), 911-927. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22067

    Hernandez-Rojas, R. D., Folgado-Fernandez, J. A., & Palos-Sanchez, P. R. (2021). Influence of the restaurant brand and gastronomy on tourist loyalty. A study in Córdoba (Spain). International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100305

    Holbrook, M. B. E. (1999). Consumer value: a framework for analysis and research. Psychology Press.

    Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396-403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975

    Kauppinen-Räisänen, H., Björk, P., & Claire Seaman, M. B. Q. D. (2014). Culinary-gastronomic tourism – a search for local food experiences. Nutrition & Food Science, 44(4), 294-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/nfs-12-2013-0142

    Kim, E., & Tang, L. (2020). The role of customer behavior in forming perceived value at restaurants: A multidimensional approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102511

    Koussaifi, H., Hart, D. J., & Lillystone, S. (2020). Customer complaint journey mapping: a qualitative approach. British Food Journal, 122(12), 3711-3726. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2019-0849

    Lee, H.-K. (2019). Making creative industries policy in the real world: differing configurations of the culture-market-state nexus in the UK and South Korea. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 26(4), 544-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2019.1577401

    Lee, S., & Phau, I. (2018). Young tourists’ perceptions of authenticity, perceived value and satisfaction: the case of Little India, Singapore. Young Consumers, 19(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1108/yc-07-2017-00714

    Luca, M. (2016). Reviews, Reputation, and Revenue:
    The Case of Yelp.com (Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper, Issue.

    Luo, Y., & Xu, X. (2021, Apr). Comparative study of deep learning models for analyzing online restaurant reviews in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Hosp Manag, 94, 102849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102849

    Mahmood, H., Rehman, A. U., Sabir, I., Rauf, A., Afthanorhan, A., & Nawal, A. (2022). Restaurant Diners' Switching Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protection Motivation Theory. Front Psychol, 13, 833627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833627

    Marc Steen, Menno Manschot, & Koning, N. D. (2011). Benefits of co-design in service design projects. International Journal of Design, 5(2).

    Martínez-Navalón, J. G., Gelashvili, V., & Debasa, F. (2019). The Impact of Restaurant Social Media on Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Study. Sustainability, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216105

    McIntosh, M. J., & Morse, J. M. (2015, Jan-Dec). Situating and Constructing Diversity in Semi-Structured Interviews. Glob Qual Nurs Res, 2, 2333393615597674. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393615597674

    Navarro-Dols, J., & González-Pernía, J. L. (2020). Gastronomy as a real agent of social change. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100240

    Nemoto, T., & Beglar, D. (2014). Developing Likert-Scale Questionnaires. JALT 2013 conference proceedings, 1-8.

    Oertzen, A.-S., Odekerken-Schröder, G., Brax, S. A., & Mager, B. (2018). Co-creating services—conceptual clarification, forms and outcomes. Journal of Service Management, 29(4), 641-679. https://doi.org/10.1108/josm-03-2017-0067

    Pérez Gálvez, J. C., Granda, M. J., López-Guzmán, T., & Coronel, J. R. (2017). Local gastronomy, culture and tourism sustainable cities: The behavior of the American tourist. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 604-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.04.021

    Perrea, T., Grunert, K. G., & Krystallis, A. (2015). Consumer Value perceptions of food products from emerging processing technologies: A cross-cultural exploration. Food Quality and Preference, 39, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.06.009

    Pramod R. Regmi, E. W., Anjana Paudyal, Padam Simkhada, Edwin van Teijlingen. (2016). Guide to the design and application of online questionnaire surveys. Nepal journal of epidemiology, 6(4), 640.

    Rachão, S., Breda, Z., Fernandes, C., & Joukes, V. (2020). Cocreation of tourism experiences: are food-related activities being explored? British Food Journal, 122(3), 910-928. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-10-2019-0769

    Ramaswamy, V., & Ozcan, K. (2016). Brand value co-creation in a digitalized world: An integrative framework and research implications. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.07.001

    Ramaswamy, V., & Ozcan, K. (2018). What is co-creation? An interactional creation framework and its implications for value creation. Journal of Business Research, 84, 196-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.027

    Richardson, A. (2010). Using customer journey maps to improve customer experience. Harvard business review, 15(1), 2-5.

    Rinaldi, C. (2017). Food and Gastronomy for Sustainable Place Development: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Different Theoretical Approaches. Sustainability, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101748

    Ryu, K., Lee, H. R., & Gon Kim, W. (2012). The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(2), 200-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111211206141

    Saarijärvi, H., Kannan, P. K., & Kuusela, H. (2013). Value co‐creation: theoretical approaches and practical implications. European Business Review, 25(1), 6-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/09555341311287718

    Sanders, E. B. N., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710880701875068

    Santich, B. (2004). The study of gastronomy and its relevance to hospitality education and training. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(03)00069-0

    Sarah Crowe, K. C., Ann Robertson, Guro Huby, Anthony Avery and Aziz Sheikh. (2011). The case study approach. BMC Med Res Methodol, 11, 100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

    Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work. 48(1), 23–47.

    Seyitoğlu, F., & Ivanov, S. (2020). A conceptual study of the strategic role of gastronomy in tourism destinations. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100230

    Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross, B. L. (1991). Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. Journal of Business Research(22(2)), 159-170.

    Sigala, M. (2018). A market approach to social value co-creation: Findings and implications from “Mageires” the social restaurant. Marketing Theory, 19(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593118772208

    Singh, S., Singh, N., Kalinić, Z., & Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J. (2021). Assessing determinants influencing continued use of live streaming services: An extended perceived value theory of streaming addiction. Expert Systems with Applications, 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114241

    Steen, M. (2013). Co-Design as a Process of Joint Inquiry and Imagination. Design Issues, 29 (2), 16-28.

    Stemler, S. (2000). An overview of content analysis
    Steve Stemler. https://doi.org/10.7275/z6fm-2e34

    Stephen Burgess, C. S., Carmen Cox, Jeremy Buultjens. (2009). User-generated content (UGC) in tourism: Benefits and concerns of online consumers. ECIS, 417-429.

    Suna, B., & Alvarez, M. D. (2021). The role of gastronomy in shaping the destination’s brand identity: an empirical analysis based on stakeholders’ opinions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(6), 738-758. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1877587

    Sung, H. J., Kim, H. Y., & Cho, M. (2020). How Can TV Food Programs Be Used as an Effective Restaurant Marketing Tool? An Extension of ELM with Perceived Risk. Sustainability, 12(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177131

    Swani, K., Milne, G. R., Brown, B. P., Assaf, A. G., & Donthu, N. (2017). What messages to post? Evaluating the popularity of social media communications in business versus consumer markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 62, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.07.006

    Throsby, D. (2010). The Economics of Cultural Policy. Cambridge University Press.

    UNESCO. (2016). The Creative Cities Network: A Global Platform for Local Endeavour. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Creative_cities_brochure_en.pdf

    Untung Rahardja, Ninda Lutfiani, & Amelia, S. (2019). Creative Content Marketing In Scientific Publication Management In Industrial Era 4.0. 3(2).

    UNWTO. (2019). Guidelines for the Development of Gastronomy Tourism. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420957

    Visković, N. R. (2021). Gastronomy as a social catalyst in the creative place-making process. Acta geographica Slovenica(61(1)), 185-199.

    Vo-Thanh, T., Zaman, M., Hasan, R., Akter, S., & Dang-Van, T. (2022). The service digitalization in fine-dining restaurants: a cost-benefit perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-09-2021-1130

    Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publishing, Second Edition.

    Yu, C.-E., & Sun, R. (2019). The role of Instagram in the UNESCO's creative city of gastronomy: A case study of Macau. Tourism Management, 75, 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.05.011

    Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of marketing, 52(3), 2-22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302

    下載圖示 校內:立即公開
    校外:立即公開
    QR CODE