水資源短缺為全球性的問題，為了穩定的水源供應，近年水資源回收再利用的也需求日趨普遍。然而，複雜的水源中可能含有難去除物質，如果進行水回收將大大增加回收難度，或因無法達到水質要求而增加二次處理成本。因此，如果能進一步了解有機物的特性，將能避免因回收水水質不佳而增加的處理成本。
本研究以半導體製造業為例，對廠中回收水的進行特性分析。該廠主要以薄膜系統進行水回收，為驗證難處理有機物的存在，以物理化學特性從廠區製程所使用的原材料中篩選出七種高風險的貫穿薄膜化合物，包括isopropanol (IPA), ethanolamine (MEA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cyclopentanone (CPN), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NEP)以及butyldiglycol (BDG)。七種物質分別進行了RO薄膜過濾實驗，結果顯示七種原料皆具貫穿RO薄膜之情形；亦比較了其化學氧化式COD及完全燃燒式TOC之理論值與實際測值，發現其中DMSO之COD實際測值僅13.8%，而其TOC則實際測值將近理論值，顯示傳統水質指標可能低估收受處理水中之有機物含量而無法保證回收水品質導致產水水質不良事件發生的可能，因此需開發除傳統水質指標外之替代監測方式以預防產水不良之頻率。此外該半導體再生水廠亦考慮收受處理印刷電路板(PCB)廠之放流水以擴充其產能，因此本研究亦應用開發之傳統水質替代指標以評估PCB廠放流水收受處理可行性。
本研究以HPLC-FLD全掃描分析廠區不良產水，篩選出了六對螢光激發波長/發射波長訊信，分別為Ex./Em. = 208/301 nm, Ex./Em. = 254/400 nm, Ex./Em. = 260/345 nm, Ex./Em. = 280/308 nm, Ex./Em. = 280/400 nm, Ex./Em. = 280/570 nm作為分析條件，並評估作為替代水質指標的可行性，結果顯示FLD訊號雖然能夠測到難去除有機物，但無法當作一個直接的水質指標，因為FLD訊號於水源中的存在並不一定代表有該物質會貫穿薄膜。在後續量化難去除有機物上，尋得不良產水的主要特徵訊號為Ex./Em. = 280/308 nm。另以HPSEC系統對進一步了解有貫穿現象的水樣其有機物組成，從水樣中發現如果小分子 (<300 Da)化合物佔比超過50%可能會有較大貫穿風險。而在評估PCB廠棟放流水是否適合進行水回收的評估上，因平均TOC濃度(6.57 mg C/L)相比目前收受廠棟的放流水濃度要高 (4.48 mg C/L)，另其於通過RO前後皆測得FLD訊號，且於PCB廠兩次放流水HPSEC分析中小分子有機物 (<300 Da)為分別佔51.8及83.6%，因此PCB廠棟放流水進行水回收可能會增加不良產水的風險。本研究藉FLD訊號及HPSEC分析建立了一套水源篩選機制，以減少不良產水事件的可能。

Water scarcity is now a critical issue worldwide, while the demand for water reclamation has kept increasing in recent years to maintain a stable water supply. However, complex water sources may contain recalcitrant substances that make water reclamation more difficult and increase the cost of secondary treatment due to the unqualified water quality. Therefore, further understanding the characteristics of recalcitrant substances can help prevent the additional costs incurred due to unqualified reclaimed water.
Characterization analysis using reclaimed water from the semiconductor industry as an example was discussed in this study. The water reclamation plant mainly uses membrane filtration technologies. First, seven high-risk compounds of membrane passage were selected from the raw materials used in the manufacturing processes based on their physicochemical properties to confirm the presence of recalcitrant organic substances, including isopropanol (IPA), ethanolamine (MEA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cyclopentanone (CPN), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NEP), and butyldiglycol (BDG). Each of the seven substances underwent reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration experiments, and the results showed that all seven materials penetrated the RO membranes. The theoretical values and actual measurements of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) to assess the organic compound content was also compared. It was found that the COD recovery rate for DMSO was only 13.8%, while the TOC recovery rate was nearly complete. This indicates that conventional water quality indicators might underestimate the organic compound content, leading to the potential of unqualified reclaimed water incidents. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative analyzing methods beyond traditional water quality indicators to prevent unqualified reclaimed water risks. Furthermore, the water reclamation plant also considered treating the effluent water from the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing process to expand its capacity. Therefore, this study also applied the developed alternative water quality indicators to evaluate the feasibility of PCB plant effluent for water reclamation.
In this study, HPLC-FLD was used for the whole scanning of unqualified reclaimed water. Six fluorescence excitation/emission wavelength pairs were screened as analytical conditions, including Ex./Em. = 208/301 nm, Ex./Em. = 254/400 nm, Ex./Em. = 260/345 nm, Ex./Em. = 280/308 nm, Ex./Em. = 280/400 nm, Ex./Em. = 280/570 nm, and the feasibility of using these signals as alternative water quality indicators were evaluated. The results showed that although FLD signals could detect recalcitrant organic substances, but could not act as a direct water quality indicator because the presence of FLD signals in the water source did not indicate the membrane passage of these substances. To quantify the recalcitrant organic substances, the main characteristic signal of unqualified reclaimed water was identified as Ex./Em. = 280/308 nm. In addition, the HPSEC system was used to further understand the organic composition of water samples with membrane passage. If the proportion of low molecular weight substances (<300 Da) exceeds 50%, there could be a higher risk of membrane passage. In evaluating whether the PCB plant's effluent is suitable for water reclamation, the average TOC concentration (6.57 mg C/L) was higher than the existing plants' effluent concentration (4.48 mg C/L). Furthermore, FLD signals were detected both before and after the reverse osmosis (RO) process, and in the HPSEC analysis of the PCB plant's effluent of two trials, low molecular weight compounds (<300 Da) accounted for 51.8% and 83.6%, respectively. Therefore, recycling the PCB plant's effluent might increase the risk of unqualified reclaimed water. This study established a water source screening process using FLD signals and HPSEC analysis to reduce adverse water quality incidents.

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