成功大學博碩士論文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	王彥晟 Wang, Yan-Sheng
論文名稱：	以生物力學分析肩關節內旋活動度缺損對於不同年齡層台灣棒球投手之影響 Biomechanical Analysis of Taiwan Baseball Players with Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit among Different Age Groups
指導教授：	王榮泰 Wang, Rong-Tyai
共同指導教授:	周有禮 Chou, You-Li 周伯禧 Chou, Paul Pei-Hsi
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 工程科學系 Department of Engineering Science
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	213
中文關鍵詞：	棒球、投手、關節活動度、國中、高中、大學、肌力、GIRD 、盂肱關節內旋活動度缺損、運動學、動力學、功、運動傷害、球
外文關鍵詞：	pitcher, range of motion, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, kinetics, kinematics
相關次數：	點閱：104 下載：6
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

前言：
棒球投手在投擲過程中會對肩、肘關節造成極大的壓力並可能進一步影響到盂肱關節旋轉活動度。本研究將投球慣用手的盂肱關節內旋活動度小於投球非慣用手的盂肱關節內旋活動度達20度以上的現象定義為盂肱關節內旋活動度缺損(Glenohumerl internal rotation deficit, GIRD)，然而過去許多研究已經證實GIRD症狀可能會影響到投球表現並增加受傷的風險。
目的：
本研究旨在透過3-D動作分析針對盂肱關節內旋活動度缺損在不同年齡層投手投擲直球所造成的影響，並進一步探討GIRD群與Normal群之間投擲直球之運動學、動力學和做功差異。
方法：
本研究針對台灣中南部重點棒球學校之棒球球員進行關節活動角度測量，參與本實驗之動作分析受測者為十位國中組GIRD群投手，十一位高中組GIRD群投手及九位大學組GIRD群投手進行比較。並將十一位高中組GIRD群投手與九位大學組GIRD群投手合併為GIRD群投手與十位Normal群投手進行比較。本實驗於戶外投手丘使用三維動作分析系統
擷取投擲直球動作的過程。統計方法使用重複測量變異數分析及配對t檢定分析。設定p<0.05達統計上顯著差異。
結果：
球速表現方面，高中組GIRD群投手與大學組GIRD群投手皆大於國中組GIRD群投手，而GIRD群與Normal群之間未達統計上的顯著差異。關節活動度比較下，不同年齡層GIRD投手的肩關節內旋角度與肩關節外旋角度皆達統計上的顯著差異。GIRD群與Normal群的肩關節內旋角度與肩關節外旋角度皆達統計上的顯著差異。
不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球的分析結果，81項運動學參數中，有46項達到統計上的顯著差異。33項動力學參數中，有32項達到統計上的顯著差異，標準化後則有27項達到統計上的顯著差異。16項做功參數中，有8項達到統計上的顯著差異。GIRD群與Normal群投擲直球的分析結果，81項運動學參數中，有37項達到統計上的顯著差異。33項動力學參數中，有11項達到統計上的顯著差異，標準化後則有19項達到統計上的顯著差異。16項做功參數中，有2項達到統計上的顯著差異。
投球前後的肌力比較結果，不同年齡層GIRD投手的慣用側肩關節外轉肌力衰退率比較結果達到統計上的顯著差異。GIRD群與Normal群的肌力衰退率比較結果未達統計上的顯著差異。另外，不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球前後的關節活動度比較結果皆未達統計上的顯著差異。
討論與結論：
GIRD群因為肩關節構造的改變使得在投球過程中與Normal群有明顯的差異性，這些變化可能對動力鏈能量傳遞造成了影響，並可能進一步影響控球表現。成人GIRD投手可能因為肩後軟組織的緊繃在投擲時會代償肘關節，無法有效利用肩關節的轉動進而使運動表現受到限制。
運動傷害機轉下，GIRD群投擲過程中，肩關節所承受的力及力矩都大於Normal群，可能進一步增加受傷的風險。然而成人GIRD投手可能因為肩關節構造的改變使得成人GIRD投手在投擲時會代償肘關節，增加肘部受傷的風險。
GIRD群在運動表現上雖然肩關節可以產生更多的能量，但是在球速表現上與Normal群差異不大，這也暗示著GIRD群受傷的風險比Normal群大出許多。本研究也進一步發現，成人GIRD投手在投擲時會代償到肘關節，更容易增加運動受傷的可能性。

SUMMARY

Literatures showed that adaptive changes in range of motion changes (ROM) of the dominant shoulder are common in overhand throwing athletes. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may increase the risk of shoulder injury. Thirty pitchers with GIRD from different age groups and ten pitchers without GIRD were recruited in this study. All subjects pitched off an outdoor mound. Three dimensional motion analysis system with 8 CCD cameras were used to measure whole body kinematics at 300 Hz. Pitchers were defined as GIRD group if their throwing shoulders displayed a 200 or more loss of internal rotation angle (IR) compared with their non-throwing shoulders. This study show that shoulder abduction angle, shoulder horizontal abduction angle, and shoulder external rotation angle were significantly different at the instant of ball release between GIRD group and Normal group. These results indicated that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit changed the pitching mechanism, affecting the shoulder positon at the instant of ball release. Furthermore this study found that the mature pitchers with GIRD could not efficiently utilize the shoulder external rotation during the pitching motion, leading to restraint of the pitching performance. From the result of kinetics, GIRD group displayed greater shoulder force/moment in their dominant arm as compared with Normal group. The greater force/moment in the GIRD group will increase the loading on biceps, rotator cuff and para-scapular muscle which may further increase the risk of shoulder injuries. University pitchers with GIRD and high school pitchers with GIRD have similarity in pitching speed. However, university pitchers with GIRD presented the greatest elbow total work in the arm acceleration phase which can also increase the risk of elbow injuries. These findings are useful for pitchers and coaches to have a better understanding of pitching biomechanics in pitchers with GIRD. Further training program may be necessary to improve pitching motion and decrease the risk of injury.

目錄
摘要……I
Extended Abstract……IV
誌謝……VIII
目錄……IX
內文目錄……X
表目錄……XVII
圖目錄……XX
符號……XXIII

內文目錄
第一章 緒論……1
1.1前言……1
1.2文獻回顧……6
1.2.1過肩投球之動作分期……8
1.2.2投球過程中主要使用的肌群……10
1.2.3直球的生物力學相關研究……13
1.3研究動機……28
1.4研究目的……29
1.5研究假設……30
第二章 理論與分析方法……31
2.1 運動學與動力學之理論方法……31
2.2實驗假設……34
2.3定義反光球位置……35
2.3.1靜態與動態資料描述……39
2.3.2關節中心……40
2.3.3座標系的訂定……43
2.4生物力學模式在空間中運動的描述與分析……50
2.4.1旋轉矩陣與關節夾角……52
2.4.2角速度與角加速度之計算……55
2.4.3肢段作用力之計算……57
2.4.4肢段作用力矩之計算……58
2.4.5肢段做功之計算……60
2.5運動學與動力學的流程……61
2.5.1運動學計算流程……61
2.5.2動力學計算流程……61
2.6運動學與動力學的方向定義……64
2.6.1運動學方向定義……64
2.6.2動力學方向定義……67
第三章 研究方法……68
3.1實驗設備……68
3.1.1硬體設備……68
3.1.2軟體設備……70
3.2 研究對象……71
3.2.1 受測者資料……72
3.3實驗設備架設……76
3.4 實驗流程……78
3.4.1 實驗問卷調查……80
3.4.2 實驗空間校正……80
3.4.3暖身練習……81
3.4.4肩及肘關節活動角度量測……82
3.4.5手持式肌力量測……85
3.4.6投球動作分析……87
3.5資料處理……88
3.6 統計方法……89
3.7 標準化方法……90
第四章 研究結果…………91
4.1球速、基本資料、自覺量表統計(Borg's RPE)…………91
4.1.1不同年齡層之GIRD投手比較…………91
4.1.2 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手比較…………91
4.2關節活動度…………93
4.2.1 不同年齡層之GIRD投手慣用側與非慣用側比較…………93
4.2.2 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手慣用側與非慣用側比較…………94
4.2.3不同年齡層之GIRD投手肩關節內旋缺損比較…………94
4.2.4 GIRD群與Normal群肩關節內旋缺損比較…………94
4.2.5投球前後慣用側肩、肘關節活動角度比較結果…………95
4.3肌力…………100
4.3.1國中組GIRD群投手肌力衰退率量測結果…………100
4.3.2高中組GIRD群投手肌力衰退率量測結果…………100
4.3.3大學組GIRD群投手肌力衰退率量測結果…………100
4.3.4不同年齡層之GIRD投手肌力衰退率量測結果…………100
4.3.5 GIRD群投手肌力衰退率量測結果…………101
4.3.6 Normal群投手肌力衰退率量測結果…………101
4.3.7 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手慣用側肌力衰退率比較…………101
4.4問卷調查…………106
4.4.1投手(Pitcher)…………106
4.4.2投手(Position player)…………106
4.4.3 GIRD好發病率…………106
4.5三組不同年齡層GIRD投手之投球運動學…………108
4.5.1前導腳著地之運動學比較…………108
4.5.2手臂後拉時期之運動學比較…………111
4.5.3肩關節最大外旋角度之運動學比較…………112
4.5.4手臂加速時期之運動學比較…………114
4.5.5球離手之運動學比較…………117
4.5.6手臂減速時期之運動學比較…………119
4.5.7肩關節最大內旋角度之運動學比較…………120
4.6 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手之投球運動學…………128
4.6.1前導腳著地之運動學比較…………128
4.6.2手臂後拉時期之運動學比較…………129
4.6.3肩關節最大外旋之運動學比較…………129
4.6.4手臂加速時期之運動學比較…………130
4.6.5球離手之運動學比較…………130
4.6.6手臂減速時期之運動學比較…………131
4.6.7肩關節最大內旋之運動學比較…………131
4.7軀幹轉向前方時間、最大肩關節外旋角度及出現時間…………137
4.7.1不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球比較結果…………137
4.7.2 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手投擲直球比較結果…………137
4.8不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球之投球動力學…………140
4.8.1手臂後拉時期…………140
4.8.2手臂加速時期…………145
4.8.3手臂減速時期…………150
4.9 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手投擲直球之投球動力學…………160
4.9.1手臂後拉時期…………160
4.9.2手臂加速時期…………161
4.9.3手臂減速時期…………162
4.10不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球之能量變化「作功」…………167
4.10.1手臂後拉時期…………167
4.10.2手臂加速時期…………168
4.11 GIRD投手與Normal投手投擲直球之能量變化「作功」…………171
4.11.1手臂後拉時期…………171
4.11.2手臂加速時期…………171
第五章 討論…………173
5.1基本資料、自覺量表(Borg's RPE)、關節活動度…………173
5.2 假設一 : 罹患GIRD投手隨年齡增長會影響投手投球動作…………174
5.2.1投球運動學…………174
5.2.2探討投球機制…………175
5.3 假設二 : 成人GIRD球員可能產生代償現象增加受傷機率…………184
5.3.1 投球動力學…………184
5.3.2探討肩關節運動傷害…………185
5.3.3探討肘關節運動傷害…………190
5.4假設三 : GIRD投手的運動表現受到限制…………192
5.4.1球速表現…………192
5.4.2控球表現…………194
5.5肌力…………196
5.6投球前後關節活動度之影響…………197
第六章 結論與未來展望…………198
6.1結論…………198
6.2未來展望…………200
參考文獻…………201
【附錄A】動作分析基本資料…………208
【附錄B】受測者同意書…………209
【附錄C】自覺量表(Borg’s RPE)…………213

表目錄
表1-1文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於前導腳著地時之運動學……15
表1-2文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於手臂後拉時期之運動學……17
表1-3 文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於手臂加速時期之運動學……19
表1-4 文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於球離手之運動學……21
表1-5 文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於手臂後拉時期之動力學……23
表1-6文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於手臂加速時期之動力學……25
表1-7文獻探討上肩投手投擲直球於手臂減速時期之動力學……27
表3-1 國中組GIRD群投手受測者基本資料……72
表3-2高中組GIRD群投手受測者基本資料……73
表3-3大學組GIRD群投手受測者基本資料……73
表3-4 GIRD群(高中組GIRD群投手+大學組GIRD群投手)受測者基本資料……74
表3-5 Normal群投手受測者基本資料……75
表4-1不同年齡層之GIRD投手基本資料、球速比較……92
表4-2 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手基本資料、球速比較……92
表4-3國中GIRD群投手關節活動度比較……96
表4-4高中GIRD群投手關節活動度比較……96
表4-5大學GIRD群投手關節活動度比較……96
表4-6 GIRD群投手關節活動度比較……97
表4-7 Normal群投手關節活動度比較……97
表4-8不同年齡層之GIRD群投手肩關節內旋活動度缺損比較……98
表4-9 GIRD群與Normal群關節活動度比較……98
表4-10國中組GIRD群投手關節活動度……99
表4-11高中組GIRD群投手關節活動度……99
表4-12大學組GIRD群投手關節活動度……99
表4-13國中組 GIRD群投手投球前後慣用手與非慣用手肌力衰退率……102
表4-14高中組GIRD群投手投球前後慣用手與非慣用手肌力衰退率……102
表4-15大學組GIRD群投手投球前後慣用手與非慣用手肌力衰退率……103
表4-16不同年齡層之GIRD投手投球前後慣用手肌力衰退率比較……103
表4-17 GIRD群投手投球前後慣用手與非慣用手肌力衰退率比較……104
表4-18 Normal群投手投擲直球前後慣用手與非慣用手肌力衰退率……104
表4-19 GIRD群與Normal群投球前後慣用手肌力衰退率……105
表4-20不同年齡層之棒球投手肩、肘、腕關節受傷比例……107
表4-21不同年齡層之守備位置球員肩、肘、腕關節受傷比例……107
表4-22不同年齡層之棒球投手罹患GIRD之比例……107
表4-23不同年齡層之守備位置球員罹患GIRD之比例	……107
表4-24不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球的運動學參數	……123
表4-25 GIRD群投手與Normal群投手投擲直球的運動學參數……133
表4-26各年齡層投手投擲直球之肩關節最大外旋角度及軀幹轉向前方時間的比較……138
表4-27 GIRD投手與Normal投手投擲直球之肩關節最大外旋角度及軀幹轉向前方時間的比較……139
表4-28不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球的動力學參數……156
表4-29 GIRD群與Normal群投擲直球的動力學參數……164
表4-30不同年齡層GIRD投手投擲直球的功參數比較……170
表4-31 GIRD群與Normal群投手投擲直球的功參數比較……172

圖目錄
圖1-1過肩投球之動作分期……9
圖1-2直球握法……13
圖2-1上肢關節瞬間所受的合力與合力矩之自由體圖……32
圖2-2反光球標記位置……38
圖2-3靜態中立姿勢……39
圖2-4軀幹(Trunk)座標系……43
圖2-5上臂(Upperarm)座標系……44
圖2-6前臂(Forearm)座標系……45
圖2-7手腕(Hand)座標系……46
圖2-8大腿(Thigh)座標系……47
圖2-9小腿(Shank)座標系……48
圖2-10骨盆(Pelvis)座標系……49
圖2-11上肢各個肢段座標系圖……50
圖2-12下肢各個肢段座標系圖……51
圖2-13腕關節、肘關節、肩關節及膝關節尤拉角的旋轉順序……53
圖2-14運動學計算流程……62
圖2-15動力學流程……63
圖2-16肘關節屈曲……65
圖2-17 肩關節外旋/內旋……65
圖2-18肩關節垂直外展……65
圖2-19肩關節水平外展……65
圖2-20膝關節屈曲……66
圖2-21軀幹前傾……66
圖2-22軀幹外傾……66
圖2-23軀幹(ωUT)、骨盆(ωP)旋轉角速度……66
圖2-24肩關節受力定義……67
圖2-25肩關節受力矩定義……67
圖2-26肘關節受力定義……67
圖2-27肘關節受力矩定義……67
圖3-1三維動作分析系統……68
圖3-2手持式肌力器……69
圖3-3測速槍……69
圖3-4關節活動角度量角器……69
圖3-5球員篩選流程圖……71
圖3-6高雄市勝利棒球場牛棚圖……77
圖3-7國家訓練中心棒球場……77
圖3-8實驗流程……79
圖3-9國訓中心選手傳接球熱身(catch ball)……81
圖3-10肩關節內旋角度……84
圖3-11肩關節外旋角度……84
圖3-12肘關節伸展角度……84
圖3-13肘關節屈曲角度……84
圖3-14提攜角角度……84








                                    

[1]Kindall J. Baseball: play the winning way. Sports Illustrated, Place, 1993.
[2]Atwater AE. Biomechanics of overarm throwing movements and of throwing injuries. Exercise and sport sciences reviews 7: 43-85, 1979.
[3]Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(2):233-239.
[4]Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Escamilla RF, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med. 1996;21(6):421-437.
[5]Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR: Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 1993, 18: 402–408
[6]Dun S, Kingsley D, Fleisig GS, Loftice J, Andrews JR. Biomechanical comparison of the fastball from wind-up and the fastball from stretch in professional baseball pitchers. Am J SportsMed. 2008;36(1):137-141.
[7]Fleisig GS, Bolt B, Fortenbaugh D, Wilk KE, Andrews JR. Biomechanical comparison of baseball pitching and long-toss: implications for training and rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(5):296-303.
[8]Bigliani LU, Codd TP, Connor PM, et al: Shoulder motion and laxity in the professional baseball player. Am J Sports Med 25: 609–613, 1997
[9] Werner SL, Fleisig GS, Dillman CJ, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1993;17:274-278.
[10] Feltner M and Dapena J. Dynamics of the Shoulder and Elbow Joints of the Throwing Arm during a Baseball Pitch. Int J Sport Biomech 2: 235-259, 1986.
[11]Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Osinski ED. Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:463-8.
[12]Lyman SL, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, Funkhouser EM, Pulley L, Andrews JR, et al. Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1803-10.
[13]Han K-JMS, Kim Y-KP, Lim S-KP, et al: The effect of physical characteristics and field position on the shoulder and elbow injuries of 490 baseball players: Confirmation of diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19:271Y6
[14]Tullos H, King J: Throwing mechanism in sports. Orthop Clin North Am. 1973;4:709
[15]Nadler SF. Injury in a throwing athlete: Understanding the kinetic chain. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; 83: 79-79. 2004.
[16]Benkibler W. Biomechanical Analysis of the Shoulder during Tennis Activities. Clin Sport Med 14: 79-85, 1995.
[17]Stodden DF, Fleisig GS, McLean SP, Lyman SL, and Andrews JR. Relationship of pelvis and upper torso kinematics to pitched baseball velocity. J Appl Biomech 17: 164-172, 2001.
[18]Sabick MB, Torry MR, Lawton RL, and Hawkins RJ. Valgus torque in youth baseball pitchers: A biomechanical study. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [et al] 13: 349-355, 2004.
[19]Pieper HG: Humeral torsion in the throwing arm of handball players. Am J Sports Med 26: 247–253, 1998
[20]Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, and Ben Kibler W. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology part 1: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy 19: 404-420, 2003.
[21]Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Sheheane C, Dun S, Fleisig GS, Crenshaw K, and Andrews JR. Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players. Am J Sport Med 36: 523-527, 2008.
[22] Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, and Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology - Part II: Evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions in throwers. Arthroscopy 19: 531-539, 2003.
[23] Myers JB, Laudner KG, Pasquale MR, Bradley JP, and Lephart SM. Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement. The American journal of sports medicine 34: 385-391, 2006.
[24]Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, and Yocum LA. Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits in Baseball Players With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Insufficiency. Am J Sport Med 37: 566-570, 2009.
[25]Garrison JC, Cole MA, Conway JE, Macko MJ, Thigpen C, and Shanley E. Shoulder range of motion deficits in baseball players with an ulnar collateral ligament tear. The American journal of sports medicine 40: 2597-2603, 2012.
[26]Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Fleisig GS, Porterfield R, Simpson CD, Harker P, Paparesta N, and Andrews JR. Correlation of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Total Rotational Motion to Shoulder Injuries in Professional Baseball Pitchers. Am J Sport Med 39: 329-335, 2011.
[27] Meister K, Day T, Horodyski M, Kaminski TW, Wasik MP, and Tillman S. Rotational motion changes in the glenohumeral joint of the adolescent/Little League baseball player. The American journal of sports medicine 33: 693-698, 2005.
[28]Cheng, S. C., Chang, H. Y., Chen, Y. Z., & Chang, Y. P. (2011). The development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and the impact to throwing technique in student baseball pitchers in Taiwan. Paper presented at the Taiwan Society of Biomechanics in Sports Annual Conference, Taoyuan county.
[29]Snyder SJ, Karzel RP, Del Pizzo W, Ferkel RD, and Friedman MJ. SLAP lesions of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 6: 274-279, 1990.
[30]Fleisig GS, Escamilla RF, Andrews JR, Matsuo T, Satterwhite Y, and Barrentine SW. Kinematic and kinetic comparison between baseball pitching and football passing. J Appl Biomech 12: 207-224, 1996.
[31]Paul Pei-hsi Chou, Yen-po Huang, Yi-hsuan Gu, Chiang Liu, Shen-kai Chen, Kai-cheng Hsu, Rong-tyai Wang, Ming-jer Huang, and Hwai-ting Lin. Change in pitching biomechanics in the late-inning in Taiwanese high school baseball pitchers. J strength Cond Res 29:1500-8, 2015.
[32]Escamilla RF and Andrews JR. Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and related biomechanics during upper extremity sports. Sports Med 39: 569-590, 2009.
[33]Digiovine NM, Jobe FW, Pink M, and Perry J. An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [et al] 1: 15-25, 1992.
[34]Putnam CA. Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations. J Biomech 26 Suppl 1: 125-135, 1993.
[35]Jobe FW, Moynes DR, Tibone JE, and Perry J. An Emg Analysis of the Shoulder in Pitching .2. Am J Sport Med 12: 218-220, 1984.
[36]Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, and Moynes D. An EMG analysis of the shoulder in throwing and pitching. A preliminary report. The American journal of sports medicine 11: 3-5, 1983.
[37]Asmussen E and Bondepet.F. Storage of Elastic Energy in Skeletal-Muscles in Man. Acta physiologica Scandinavica 91: 385-392, 1974.
[38]盧英治,衝擊式訓練的理論與實際.大專體育; 95-102. 2000.
[39]Andrews JR,Angelo RL. Shoulder arthroscopy for the throwing athlete. Techniques in Orthopaedics; 3: 75. 1988.
[40]Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Zheng N, Escamilla RF,Andrews JR. Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development. J Biomech; 32: 1371-1375. 1999.
[41] Nissen CW, Westwell M, Ounpuu S, Patel M, Tate JP, Plerz K, Burns JP, and Bicos J. Adolescent baseball pitching technique: A detailed three-dimensional biornechanical analysis. Med Sci Sport Exer 39: 1347-1357, 2007.
[42]Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Zheng NQ, and Andrews JR. Kinematic comparisons of throwing different types of baseball pitches. J Appl Biomech 14: 1-23, 1998.
[43]Escamilla R, Fleisig G, Barrentine S, Andrews J, and Moorman C, 3rd. Kinematic and kinetic comparisons between American and Korean professional baseball pitchers. Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports 1: 213-228, 2002.
[44]Fleisig GS, Kingsley DS, Loftice JW, Dinnen KP, Ranganathan R, Dun S, Escamilla RF, and Andrews JR. Kinetic comparison among the fastball, curveball, change-up, and slider in collegiate baseball pitchers. Am J Sport Med 34: 423-430, 2006.
[45]Escamilla RF, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Zheng NQ, Takada Y, and Andrews JR. Pitching biomechanics as a pitcher approaches muscular fatigue during a simulated baseball game. Am J Sport Med 35: 23-33, 2007.
[46]Dun SC, Fleisig GS, Loftice J, Kingsley D, and Andrews JR. The relationship between age and baseball pitching kinematics in professional baseball pitchers. J Biomech 40: 265-270, 2007.
[47]Dun SC, Loftice J, Fleisig GS, Kingsley D, and Andrews JR. A biomechanical comparison of youth baseball pitches - Is the curveball potentially harmful? Am J Sport Med 36: 686-692, 2008.
[48]Chu YC, Fleisig GS, Simpson KJ, and Andrews JR. Biomechanical Comparison Between Elite Female and Male Baseball Pitchers. J Appl Biomech 25: 22-31, 2009.
[49] Kageyama M, Sugiyama T, Takai Y, Kanehisa H, and Maeda A. Kinematic and Kinetic Profiles of Trunk and Lower Limbs during Baseball Pitching in Collegiate Pitchers. Journal of sports science & medicine 13: 742-750, 2014.
[50] Shanley E, Rauh MJ, Michener LA, Ellenbecker TS, Garrison JC, and Thigpen CA. Shoulder Range of Motion Measures as Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School Softball and Baseball Players. Am J Sport Med 39: 1997-2006, 2011.
[51] 張劭任,台灣職業棒球投手直球、滑球和曲球的生物力學分析.成功大學組.2012
[52] Dempster WT. Space requirements of the seated operator. WADC Technical Report 55159; 55-159. 1955.
[53]Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Sheheane C, Dun S, Fleisig GS, Crenshaw K, and Andrews JR. Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players. Am J Sport Med 36: 523-527, 2008.
[54]Hislop HJ,Montgomery J. Daniels and Worthingham s muscle testing: techniques of manual examination. Philadelphia, Place, 1995.
[55]Woltring HJ. A Fortran Package for Generalized, Cross-Validatory Spline Smoothing and Differentiation. Adv Eng Softw Workst 8: 104-113, 1986.
[56]Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Whiteside JA, Escamilla RF, and Andrews JR. Biomechanics of windmill softball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms at the shoulder and elbow. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 28: 405-415, 1998.
[57] Reagan KM, Meister K, Horodyski MB, Werner DW, Carruthers C, and Wilk K. Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players. The American journal of sports medicine 30: 354-360, 2002.
[58] Nakamizo H, Nakamura Y, Nobuhara K, and Yamamoto T. Loss of glenohumeral internal rotation in little league pitchers: a biomechanical study. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [et al] 17: 795-801, 2008.
[59] Hallstrom E and Karrholm J. Shoulder kinematics in 25 patients with impingement and 12 controls. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 448: 22-27, 2006.
[60] Keller RA, Marshall NE, Mehran N, and Moutzouros V. Pitching Speed and Glenohumeral Adaptation in High School Pitchers. Orthopedics 38: e668-672, 2015.
[61] Roach NT, Lieberman DE, Gill TJ, Palmer WE, and Gill TJ. The effect of humeral torsion on rotational range of motion in the shoulder and throwing performance. J Anat 220: 293-301, 2012.
[62] Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, Moynes D, Antonelli D, and Perry J. Dynamic Electromyographic Analysis of the Throwing Shoulder with Glenohumeral Instability. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 70A: 220-226, 1988.
[63]Fleisig GS. The Biomechanics of Baseball Pitching. Birmingham, AL: The University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1994.
[64]Fortenbaugh D, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Baseball pitching biomechanics in relation to injury risk and performance. Sports Health. 2009;1(4):314-320
[65]Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ, Roy T, Gleim GW. Quantification of posterior capsule tightness and motion loss in patients with shoulder impingement. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:668-673.
[66] 陳冠文,青少年棒球選手手肘內側疼痛與肩關節旋轉活動度之關係. 澄清綜合醫院.2012
[67] Roach NT, Venkadesan M, Rainbow MJ, and Lieberman DE. Elastic energy storage in the shoulder and the evolution of high-speed throwing in Homo. Nature 498: 483-486, 2013.
[68] Bartlett LR, Storey MD, and Simons BD. Measurement of Upper Extremity Torque Production and Its Relationship to Throwing Speed in the Competitive Athlete. Am J Sport Med 17: 89-91, 1989.
[69] Alderink GJ and Kuck DJ. lsokinetic Shoulder Strength of High School and College-Aged Pitchers*. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 7: 163-172, 1986.
[70] Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Sheheane C, Dun S, Fleisig GS, Crenshaw K, and Andrews JR. Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players. Am J Sports Med 36: 523-527, 2008.
[71] Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP, Donofrio TM, and Nicholas SJ. Upper and lower extremity muscle fatigue after a baseball pitching performance. The American journal of sports medicine 33: 108-113, 2005.
[72] Erickson BJ, Sgori T, Chalmers PN, Vignona P, Lesniak M, Bush-Joseph CA, Verma NN, and Romeo AA. The Impact of Fatigue on Baseball Pitching Mechanics in Adolescent Male Pitchers. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 32: 762-771, 2016.
[73]Roach NT, Venkadesan M, Rainbow MJ, and Lieberman DE. Elastic energy storage in the shoulder and the evolution of high-speed throwing in Homo. Nature 498: 483-+, 2013.
[74] Keller RA, Marshall NE, Mehran N, and Moutzouros V. Pitching Speed and Glenohumeral Adaptation in High School Pitchers. Orthopedics 38: e668-672, 2015.
[75] 陳右霖,高中組棒球投手變化球之生物力學分析.成功大學組.2013

校內：2019-08-05公開
校外：2019-08-05公開

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文