碳黑是最為廣泛生產與應用的奈米材料，亦是工作場所中奈米微粒的主要來源。由於人體暴露於空氣中奈米微粒(<100 nm)的途徑主要為吸入，而通過呼吸暴露研究較能反映真實的奈米微粒危害。為了準確地評估暴露於奈米微粒的健康影響，穩定產生固定濃度及分佈一致的氣膠是暴露時的關鍵。然而呼吸暴露系統的相關研究有限，缺乏穩定產生高再現性奈米微粒數目濃度及粒徑分佈之氣膠的暴露系統，亦甚少出現可隨時間改變，週期性產生峰值濃度奈米微粒之暴露系統。因此，本研究以建構一可調控奈米微粒濃度之呼吸暴露系統為研究目標。本研究開發了兩種暴露模式：平穩濃度暴露模式及峰值濃度暴露模式。平穩濃度暴露模式旨在於呼吸暴露實驗中提供穩定濃度之奈米微粒，使用卡里森6孔霧化器，以高壓氣體將碳黑懸浮液噴成霧狀，乾燥水份，生成奈米碳黑微粒。峰值濃度暴露模式則是使用自行編寫電腦程式，以輔助控制質量流量控制器，週期性產生不同的供氣流量，從而產生具峰值濃度的奈米碳黑微粒。實驗結果顯示，在平穩濃度暴露模式下，本呼吸暴露系統可穩定3小時產生高，中，低三種不同濃度的奈米碳黑微粒，數目濃度變化幅度均小於5 %，微粒分佈型態為單峰分佈，三種濃度的幾何平均粒徑介於67.97至71.02 nm。而峰值濃度暴露模式下，穩定可產生總暴露劑量為 3.24×10^9 #/cm^3的奈米碳黑微粒，數目濃度變化幅度均小於10 %，粒徑分佈亦為單峰分佈，幾何平均粒徑為68.00 ± 3.08 nm。各項測試結果均符合OECD之呼吸暴露實驗指引之規範。而實驗值與理論值間的誤差極小，RMSE為3.62×10^4 ± 1.64×10^4 #/cm^3，表示本系統可按預設目標週期性地產生峰值濃度。綜合以上，本呼吸暴露系統結合電腦程式開發了兩種暴露模式，固定濃度暴露模式可產生粒徑相近且濃度穩定的奈米碳黑微粒，而峰值濃度暴露模式可產生可週期性變化濃度之奈米微粒，並可通過調整控制程式的參數控制濃度峰值的形狀，從而成生具不同振幅或出現頻率的峰值。

Carbon black is known as the main source of nanoparticles in the workplace. Inhalation exposure experiments were commonly used in toxicity of nanoparticles because of the reason that the main exposure route of humans to nanoparticles is inhalation. However, there lack nose-only inhalation exposure systems that can produce the aerosols of nanoparticles with stable concentration. Hence, here we aimed to develop an inhalation chamber that could generate different concentrations of nanoparticles. In this study, we developed an adjustable exposure system, and two exposure modes such as a constant concentration exposure mode and a peak exposure mode. The constant concentration exposure mode was designed to provide a stable concentration of nanoparticles in the respiratory exposure experiments. The test particles were atomized by using a 6-jet Collison (BGI Inc, Massachusetts, USA). The peak exposure mode used a self-written computer program to assist for controlling the mass flow controller (MC-50LPM, Alicat Scientific, Arizona, USA) to periodically generate the peak concentrations. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS; CPC model 3010 and DMA model 3081, TSI Inc, Minnesota, USA) was used to measure the characteristics of aerosol. The test results showed that the inhalation exposure system produced three different concentrations of the high, medium, and low nano-carbon black particles for 3 h in the steady concentration exposure mode, with a variation of less than 5% in the number of concentrations. The geometric mean particle size for the three concentrations ranged from 67.97 - 71.02 nm. In the periodic mode, a total exposure dose of 3.24 10^9 #/cm^3 of carbon black nanoparticles was consistently produced, with a variation of less than 10% in the number concentration and a single peak distribution pattern with a geometric mean of 68.00 ± 3.08 nm. The RMSE of 3.62 10^4 ± 1.64 10^4 #/cm^3 indicated that the system could generate the peak concentrations periodically according to the preset targets. In summary, the inhalation exposure system combined with the computer program can produce constant and periodic modes. The constant mode could produce a stable concentration of carbon black nanoparticles of similar size. The periodic mode produced nanoparticles with periodically changing concentration and the shape of the peak concentration could be controlled by adjusting the control program parameters to produce the peaks of different amplitude or frequency.

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