地震發生時，土壤液化為常見之地工災害，此時土層因弱化而在地形屬緩坡或具自由面(如靠近水岸區域)之地盤容易造成側潰現象。本研究將透過縮尺物理模型，利用向上滲流機制引致土壤液化，來探討砂質地盤受液化影響而導致側潰之變位分布。試驗時，使用剛性試驗箱容納地盤試體，並於箱底設置注水系統，經一系列測試調整後，最終以變頻恆壓泵浦控制系統所需驅動壓力，透過均佈出水孔與濾層產生均勻向上滲流，藉此激發超額孔隙水壓並使砂土試體達液化。試驗聚焦於較常見之自由面側潰，製作不同情境下具自由面之地盤模型，包括自然河岸、重力式碼頭及背填土含非液化殼層之重力式碼頭等，藉以探討探討其側潰發展情況與變位特性。在自然河岸情境中，液化後土層上部產生明顯向下坡移動，亦造成了坡面角度變小，惟近坡面處之破壞較類似於流動破壞，使靠近地表處之變位較明顯；重力式碼頭情境中，地盤液化側潰後推動岸壁，並使牆體產生滑移、傾斜甚至傾倒；至於在重力式碼頭情境加入非液化殼層後，其對砂土層產生阻抗而導致側潰影響範圍較小。各模擬情境下地盤變位大致上呈現離自由面越遠或隨深度增加而降低之趨勢，且明顯受岸壁之破壞型態影響；側潰影響範圍則約為水際線地表位移之數倍，較歷史案例偏小，並以重力式碼頭岸壁發生傾覆破壞之情境較低，可能為較大的水際線地表位移所致。前述研究成果有助於增進對於土壤液化引致側潰特性之瞭解，並可供設計基樁等地下結構物時之參考。

This study aimed to investigate the distribution of ground displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading utilizing scaled physical modelling with upward seepage mechanism to cause liquefaction. A rigid box with a water injection system at its bottom was used as the ground specimen container. After a series trials, the driving pressure was controlled by a constant-pressure pump to generate uniform upward seepage through distributed outlets and filter. The experiments focused on the free-face lateral spreading that is commonly encountered in practice. Different scenarios with a free face, including a riverbank, a gravity-type wharf, and a gravity-type wharf with a non-liquefied crust layer, were simulated to observe the development of lateral spreading and to characterize the associated displacement. In the riverbank scenario, significant downslope movement is observed in the upper part of the liquefied soil layer, causing a decrease in slope angle. In the gravity-type wharf scenario, the liquefied and laterally spreading ground pushed the retaining wall, causing sliding, tilting, and even overturning of the quay wall. When a crust layer was added to the gravity-type wharf scenario, it impeded the lateral spreading, resulting in a smaller affected area. In general, the observed displacement attenuated both with the distance to the free face and the depth and was significantly influenced by the failure pattern of quay wall. Findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and may serve as the reference for the design of underground structures such as pile foundations.

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