水資源與能源匱乏問題加劇，乾淨飲用水取得更加困難。海水為地球上最豐富的水資源，海水淡化技術也成為未來發展趨勢。近年電容去離子(capacitive deionization (CDI))海水淡化方法具低耗能、低二次污染、低成本等優勢，尤其能量消耗僅0.1 ~ 0.6 kWh/m3，遠低於傳統方法。CDI 也可應用於工業用水軟化與毒性重金屬汙染地下水及廢水處理。
CDI電極材料之關鍵特性包括: 導電性、比表面積、親水性等，因此以無污染而且低成本之方式研製新型石墨烯(graphene)，並以電子顯微鏡(SEM)、穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)、X-光繞射(XRD)、傅立葉轉換紅外光譜(FTIR)、拉曼光譜與循環伏安等方法進行特性分析。結果顯示，當氧化石墨烯(GO)還原後其親水性官能基被移除，導致其電極會隨還原時間增加而趨近於疏水性。以醣化合物(β-cyclodextrin) 螯合形成Ag+-CD錯合物，碳化後生成Ag@C核殼(core-shell)，利用小角度X光散射儀(SAXS) 分析Ag@C之奈米粒徑約70~110 nm。由同步輻射光源XANES分析後發現Ag@C 中含Ag與少量之Ag2O。
為提升石墨烯電極之抗菌能力與導電性，添加奈米Ag與Ag@C，以改善電極之效率，並以SEM、TEM、XRD等分析其特性，另外，也以循環伏安法與交流阻抗圖譜(EIS)測定，推算其比電容與導電度，並進行NaCl之吸附試驗。實驗結果顯示，添加奈米Ag與Ag@C可明顯提升電極之導電度，並且產生較多之孔洞結構，當濃度增加，其NaCl吸附能力也上升達45%，且反洗能力可回復至90% (5分鐘內)。本CDI海水淡化技術研究初步成果顯示，使用奈米Ag與Ag@C，確實具備海水淡化與抗菌性之效果。

Drinking water is becoming scarce. Seawater is an abundant source for drinking water; therefore, development of the capacitive deionization (CDI) method for desalination is merit. CDI has the advantages of low energy consumption (only 0.1-0.6 kWh/m3), reduced secondary pollution, simple operation, and low-cost. CDI can be applied not only in desalination, but also water softening, removal of metals from groundwater and wastewater.
Characteristics of electrode materials (e. g., conductivity, specific surface area and hydrophilicity (wetting ability)).have a great impact on the CDI process. In this study, graphene (rGO), nano Ag /rGO and Ag@C/rGO were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra, and cyclic voltammetry.
After reduction, rGO possesses the wrinkle surface and becomes porous. The hydrophilic function groups of GO was also removed which lead to the hydrophobic rGO. The specific capacitance of rGO can be high as 140.46 F/g. In addition, the removal efficiency of NaCl can reach up to 15% in a NaCl solution. The particles size of the Ag@C is in the range of 70-110 nm determined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) spectroscopy. Ag and a small amount of Ag2O are found in the Ag@C nanoparticles, which was obtained by component-fitted X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.
To enhance antimicrobial activity and electrical conductivity, nano Ag and Ag@C were added to promote the performance of graphene electrodes. The conductivity of the porous structure of the electrodes are enhanced in the presence the dispersed nano Ag and Ag@C. The NaCl removal efficiency from seawater can be as high as 45% with the nano Ag and Ag@C/rGO electrodes. Notably, the regeneration can reach 90% in the very short contact time (5 mins). In summary, a very effective method for CDI with an ability of de-infection has been developed in the present work.

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