城市發展與水有著密切的關係，但人為干預導致了河川功能的退化，也減少水文所提供的潛在價值。近年來，隨著社會發展與環境意識增強，許多城市進行水岸整治與空間再造，河川的線型公共土地為市民提供大量的開放空間，都市藍帶及其周邊環境在國內外被視為各地方發展和建設的關鍵區域。水是使人類身心舒適的重要空間規劃元素，都市水岸的改善為人們提供接觸自然環境和休憩的機會，還能促進地方互動和交流。設計作為塑造環境和回應人們生活期望的重要工具，如何加強和建立人與水環境的連結是一個重要的課題。
本研究以都會型的水域作為研究場域，選擇台中及台南共六處都市水岸空間進行問卷調查，回收有效問卷419份，以結構方程模式探討行為結構，經由數據的統計分析得出結果並加以討論。實證水岸環境設計、機能與氛圍、環境偏好、情感評價與地方依附之間呈現顯著相關。藉由歸納都市水岸的環境設計之關鍵因子，找出能提升都市水岸民眾地方依附的關鍵要素，為未來水岸空間規劃提供參考。
研究結果顯示，水岸環境設計與民眾的地方依附是完全中介的關係，需要透過機能與氛圍、環境偏好及情感評價來達成，而高親水性的水岸空間也會提升民眾對環境的感受程度。因此，進行都市水岸規劃時，應更加注重整體的環境體驗，可優先考量較具影響力的環境設計因子，如水域規劃、感官體驗、植栽及服務解說設施，並確保水岸空間的功能性和互動性，讓民眾在使用環境同時產生正面的情緒評價，增強人與地方的情感連結和依附感，使水岸不僅是城市的公共休憩場域，更能成為民眾都市生活的重要部分。

Cities and water are closely linked, but human intervention has often degraded river functions. Recently, cities have focused on waterfront rehabilitation, creating urban blue belts and enhancing regional development. Improved urban waterfronts offer opportunities for nature connection, relaxation, and local interaction. Design plays a crucial role in shaping these environments and fostering connections between people and their surroundings.
This study examines six urban waterfront spaces in Taichung and Tainan, collecting 419 valid questionnaire responses from the public. Using structural equation modeling and statistical analysis, the research finds significant correlations between waterfront environmental design, function and atmosphere, environmental preferences, affective appraisal, and place attachment. By identifying the key factors of urban waterfront environmental design, the study aims to find elements that enhance public's place attachment to urban waterfronts, providing references for future waterfront space planning.
The results indicate that the relationship between waterfront environmental design and the public's place attachment is fully mediated by function and atmosphere, environmental preferences, and emotional evaluations. Highly accessible waterfront spaces also enhance the public's perception of the environment. Therefore, when planning urban waterfronts, it is crucial to focus on the overall environmental experience, prioritize influential environmental design factors, and ensure the functionality and interactivity of waterfront spaces. This approach fosters positive emotional evaluations and strengthens the public's attachment, integrating waterfronts into urban life as vital public recreational areas.

Amati, M., Ghanbari Parmehr, E., McCarthy, C., & Sita, J. (2018). How eye-catching are natural features when walking through a park? Eye-tracking responses to videos of walks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31, 67-78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.013
Anderson, B. (2009). Affective atmospheres. Emotion, Space and Society, 2(2), 77-81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2009.08.005
Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review of Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin - PSYCHOL BULL, 103, 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Azevedo, A., Custódio, M., & Perna, F. (2013). "Are you happy here?": The relationship between quality of life and place attachment. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2012-0017
Beck, H. (2009). Linking the quality of public spaces to quality of life. Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(3), 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330911013933
Bentler, P., & Bonett, D. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness-of-Fit in Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bentler, P. M. (1982). Confirmatory Factor Analysis via Noniterative Estimation: A Fast, Inexpensive Method. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151715
Bigné, J. E., Andreu, L., & Gnoth, J. (2005). The theme park experience: An analysis of pleasure, arousal and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 26(6), 833-844. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.05.006
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. (1990). Direct and Indirect Effects: Classical and Bootstrap Estimates of Variability. Sociological Methodology, 20, 115-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/271084
Bonnes, M., & Carrus, G. (2004). Environmental Psychology, Overview. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology (pp. 801-814). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-657410-3/00252-X
Bornioli, A., Parkhurst, G., & Morgan, P. L. (2018). The psychological wellbeing benefits of place engagement during walking in urban environments: A qualitative photo-elicitation study. Health & Place, 53, 228-236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.08.018
Brehm, J. M., Eisenhauer, B. W., & Krannich, R. S. (2004). Dimensions of Community Attachment and Their Relationship to Well-Being in the Amenity-Rich Rural West*. Rural Sociology, 69(3), 405-429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1526/0036011041730545
Breivik, E., & Olsson, U. (2001). Adding variables to improve fit: The effect of model size on fit assessment in LISREL. Structural equation modeling: Present and future. A festschrift in honor of Karl Jöreskog (pp.169-194). IL: SSI.
Cabanek, A., Zingoni de Baro, M. E., & Newman, P. (2020). Biophilic streets: a design framework for creating multiple urban benefits. Sustainable Earth, 3(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-020-00027-0
Carmona, M. (2015). Re-theorising contemporary public space: a new narrative and a new normative. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 8(4), 373-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014.909518
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep, 100(2), 126-131.
Charleston, S. (2009). The English football ground as a representation of home. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(1), 144-150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.06.002
Charoenkit, S., & Piyathamrongchai, K. (2019). A review of urban green spaces multifunctionality assessment: A way forward for a standardized assessment and comparability. Ecological Indicators, 107, 105592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105592
Chan, E. T. H., & Li, T. E. (2022). The effects of neighbourhood attachment and built environment on walking and life satisfaction: A case study of Shenzhen. Cities, 130, 103940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103940
Che, Y., Yang, K., Chen, T., & Xu, Q. (2012). Assessing a riverfront rehabilitation project using the comprehensive index of public accessibility. Ecological Engineering, 40, 80-87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.12.008
Chebat, J. C., & Michon, R. (2003). Impact of ambient odors on mall shoppers' emotions, cognition, and spending: A test of competitive causal theories [Article]. Journal of Business Research, 56(7), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00247-8
Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of Automatic Evaluation: Immediate Behavioral Predispositions to Approach or Avoid the Stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025002007
Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi.
Cohen, D., Lapham, S., Evenson, K., Williamson, S., Golinelli, D., Ward, P., Hillier, A., & McKenzie, T. (2013). Use of neighborhood parks: Does socio-economic status matter? A four-city study. Public health, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.01.003
Comrey, A. L. (1973). A first course in factor analysis. New York: Academic press.
Correia, A., Oliveira, C., & Pereira, R. (2017). From Emotions to Place Attachment. In A. Correia, M. Kozak, J. Gnoth, & A. Fyall (Eds.), Co-Creation and Well-Being in Tourism (pp. 163-177). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44108-5_13
Dale, A., Ling, C., & Newman, L. (2008). Does Place Matter? Sustainable Community Development in Three Canadian Communities. Ethics, Place & Environment, 11(3), 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668790802559676
Daniels, B., Zaunbrecher, B. S., Paas, B., Ottermanns, R., Ziefle, M., & Roß-Nickoll, M. (2018). Assessment of urban green space structures and their quality from a multidimensional perspective. Science of The Total Environment, 615, 1364-1378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.167
Droseltis, O., & Vignoles, V. L. (2010). Towards an integrative model of place identification: Dimensionality and predictors of intrapersonal-level place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.006
Druckman, J. N., & Lupia, A. (2000). Preference formation. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.1
Durán Vian, F., Pons Izquierdo, J. J., & Serrano Martínez, M. (2021). River-city recreational interaction: A classification of urban riverfront parks and walks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59, 127042. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127042
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1972). Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Pergamon Press.
Eriksson, L., & Nordlund, A. (2013). How is setting preference related to intention to engage in forest recreation activities? [Article]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12(4), 481-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.07.004
Ettema, D., & Smajic, I. (2015). Walking, places and wellbeing. The Geographical Journal, 181(2), 102-109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12065
Feng, X., Toms, R., & Astell-Burt, T. (2021). Association between green space, outdoor leisure time and physical activity. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 66, 127349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127349
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Franěk, M. (2023). Landscape Preference: The Role of Attractiveness and Spatial Openness of the Environment. Behav Sci (Basel), 13(8). https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080666
Friesinger, J. G., Haugland, S. H., & Vederhus, J.-K. (2022). The significance of the social and material environment to place attachment and quality of life: findings from a large population-based health survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 20(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-022-02045-2
Gehl, J. Cities for People; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
Gläser-Zikuda, M. (2012). Affective and emotional dispositions of/for learning. In N. Seel (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. (pp. 165-169). New York: Springer.
Gobster, P., Nassauer, J., Daniel, T., & Fry, G. (2007). The shared landscape: What does aesthetics have to do with ecology? Landscape Ecology, 22, 959-972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9110-x
Graves, R. A., Pearson, S. M., & Turner, M. G. (2017). Species richness alone does not predict cultural ecosystem service value. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(14), 3774-3779. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701370114
Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1987). Emotion in psychotherapy: Affect, cognition, and the process of change. Guilford Press.
Gross, M. J., & Brown, G. (2008). An empirical structural model of tourists and places: Progressing involvement and place attachment into tourism. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1141-1151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.009
Guilford, J. P. (1965). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New-York: McGraw-Hill.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7): Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hall, M. C., Elliott, K., & Meng, J. (2017). Using the PAD (Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance) Model to Explain Facebook Attitudes and Use Intentions. Social media and society, 6, 144-169.
Hashemnezhad, H., Heidari, A. A., & Mohammad Hoseini, P. (2013). Sense of place” and “place attachment. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 3(1), 5-12.
Hermida, M. A., Cabrera-Jara, N., Osorio, P., & Cabrera, S. (2019). Methodology for the assessment of connectivity and comfort of urban rivers. Cities, 95, 102376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.06.007
Hradilová, I. (2012). Influence of urban waterfront appearance on public space functions. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 60, 261-268. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260080261
Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Isa, M. I., Marzbali, M. H., & Saad, S. N. (2022). Mediating role of place identity in the relationship between place quality and user satisfaction in waterfronts: a case study of Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Place Management and Development, 15(2), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/Jpmd-08-2020-0083
Jang, S., & Namkung, Y. (2009). Perceived quality, emotions, and behavioral intentions: Application of an extended Mehrabian–Russell model to restaurants. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 451-460.
Jensen, A. K., & Olsen, S. B. (2019). Childhood Nature Experiences and Adulthood Environmental Preferences. Ecological Economics, 156, 48-56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.09.011
Jöreskog, K. G. (1970). A General Method for Analysis of Covariance Structures. Biometrika, 57(2), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/2334833
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1982). Cognition and Environment: Functioning in an Uncertain World. New York: Praeger.
Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2010). Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510385467
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed. Guilford Press.
Kondolf, G. M., & Pinto, P. J. (2017). The social connectivity of urban rivers. Geomorphology, 277, 182-196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.028
Knight, S. J., McClean, C. J., & White, P. C. L. (2022). The importance of ecological quality of public green and blue spaces for subjective well-being. Landscape and Urban Planning, 226, 104510. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104510
Kyle, G., Graefe, A., Manning, R., & Bacon, J. (2004). Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density. Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 209-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950020
Labib, S. M., Lindley, S., & Huck, J. J. (2020). Spatial dimensions of the influence of urban green-blue spaces on human health: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 180, 108869. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108869
Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
Liu, Q., Zhu, Z., Zhuo, Z., Huang, S., Zhang, C., Shen, X., van den Bosch, C. C. K., Huang, Q., & Lan, S. (2021). Relationships between residents’ ratings of place attachment and the restorative potential of natural and urban park settings. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 62, 127188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127188
Low, S. M., & Altman, I. (1992). Place Attachment. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment (pp. 1-12). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_1
López-Mosquera, N., & Sánchez, M. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of received benefits and place attachment in willingness to pay and loyalty in suburban natural areas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 27-35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.11.004
Lyu, C., & Yang, C. (2023). Study on the Complexity of Urban Waterfront Interface from the Perspective of Restorative Experience. In (pp. 77-91). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36316-0_6
MacCallum, R. C., & Hong, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3202_5
Macháč, J., Brabec, J., & Arnberger, A. (2022). Exploring public preferences and preference heterogeneity for green and blue infrastructure in urban green spaces. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 75, 127695. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127695
MacKinnon, D., & Fairchild, A. (2009). Current Directions in Mediation Analysis. Current directions in psychological science, 18, 16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01598.x
Marsh, H. W., & Balla, J. (1994). Goodness of fit in confirmatory factor analysis: The effects of sample size and model parsimony. Quality and Quantity, 28(2), 185-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102761
Ma, X., Chau, C. K., & Lai, J. H. K. (2021). Critical factors influencing the comfort evaluation for recreational walking in urban street environments. Cities, 116, 103286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103286
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. The MIT Press.
Moretti, M. (2008). Cities on water and waterfront regeneration: a strategic challenge for the future. II meeting Rivers of Change-River/Cities, Warsaw (Poland), July,
Mura, A. L., Nonnis, M., Scrima, F., & Fornara, F. (2023). Promoting the work engagement of the health worker: The role of secure workplace attachment, perceived spatial-physical comfort, and relationship with patients. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 85, 101937. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101937
Murphy, B. M., Russell, K. L., Mould, S., Vietz, G., & Nelson, P. A. (2022). Managing urban riverscapes: An assessment framework to integrate social-ecological values and physical processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 322, 115862. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115862
Omar, S. R., Sohaili, J., & Abd Rahman, N. H. (2018). Adapting Biophilic Design in Urban Riparian.
Ooi, C.-S. (2003). Crafting tourism experiences: Managing the attention product. 12th Nordic symposium on tourism and hospitality research. Stavanger University College, Stavanger.
Ortiz-Ramirez, H. A., Vallejo-Borda, J. A., & Rodriguez-Valencia, A. (2021). Staying on or getting off the sidewalk? Testing the Mehrabian-Russell Model on pedestrian behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 78, 480-494. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.03.007
Pattacini, L. (2021). Urban Design and Rivers: A Critical Review of Theories Devising Planning and Design Concepts to Define Riverside Urbanity. Sustainability, 13(13), 7039. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/13/7039
Peters, K. (2010). Being Together in Urban Parks: Connecting Public Space, Leisure, and Diversity. Leisure Sciences, 32(5), 418-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2010.510987
Peterson, M. (2023). Libraries as felt spaces: Atmospheres, public space and feelings of dis/comfort. Emotion, Space and Society, 49, 100986. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2023.100986
Piggin, J. (2020). What Is Physical Activity? A Holistic Definition for Teachers, Researchers and Policy Makers [Conceptual Analysis]. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00072
Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 57-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80021-8
Pflüger, Y., Rackham, A., & Larned, S. (2010). The aesthetic value of river flows: An assessment of flow preferences for large and small rivers. Landscape and Urban Planning, 95(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.12.004
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(3), 434-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.708042
Relf, D., McDaniel, A. R., & Butterfield, B. (1992). Attitudes toward plants and gardening. HortTechnology, 2(2), 201-204.
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness (Vol. 67). Pion London.
Richards, G., & Palmer, R. (2010). Eventful Cities: Cultural Management and Urban Revitalisation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080940960
Rishbeth, C., & Powell, M. (2013). Place Attachment and Memory: Landscapes of Belonging as Experienced Post-migration. Landscape Research, 38(2), 160-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2011.642344
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2017). The experienced psychological benefits of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 256-269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.001
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
Sen, A. (1973). Behaviour and the Concept of Preference. Economica, 40(159), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.2307/2552796
Slovic, P. (1995). The construction of preference. American Psychologist, 50(5), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.364
Stamboulis, Y., & Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00047-X
Stedman, R. C. (2002). Toward a Social Psychology of Place:Predicting Behavior from Place-Based Cognitions, Attitude, and Identity. Environment and Behavior, 34(5), 561-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034005001
Steiger, J. H. (1989). EzPATH: Causal Modeling, a Supplementary Module for SYSTAT and SYGRAPH, PC/MS-DOS. Evanston, Ill.
Stokols, N., & Shumaker, S. (1981). People in places: a transactional view of settings.
Smith, A., Osborn, G., & Vodicka, G. (2024). Programming parks. How do organized events and activities affect the inclusivity of urban green spaces? Journal of Leisure Research, 55(3), 344-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2210563
Trip, J. J. (2007). Assessing Quality of Place: A Comparative Analysis of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Journal of Urban Affairs, 29(5), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00362.x
Tuan, Y. F. (1974), Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-HalI.
Tuan, Y. F. (1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. U of Minnesota Press.
Umut Pekin, T. (2013). Urban Waterfront Regenerations. In Ö. Murat (Ed.), Advances in Landscape Architecture (pp. Ch. 7). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/55759
Völker, S., Matros, J., & Claßen, T. (2016). Determining urban open spaces for health-related appropriations: a qualitative analysis on the significance of blue space. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(13), 1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5839-3
Wakefield, K. L., & Baker, J. (1998). Excitement at the mall: Determinants and effects on shopping response. Journal of Retailing, 74(4), 515-539. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(99)80106-7
Wang, R., Zhao, J., Meitner, M. J., Hu, Y., & Xu, X. (2019). Characteristics of urban green spaces in relation to aesthetic preference and stress recovery. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 41, 6-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.005
Weng, J., Xiao, J., & Yu, L. (2021). Local Demand, Quality of Place, and Urban Tourism Competitiveness. Front Psychol, 12, 817805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.817805
White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D., & Depledge, M. (2010). Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 482-493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.004
Williams, D., & Roggenbuck, J. (1989). Measuring Place Attachment: Some Preliminary Results.
Xie, Q., Lee, C., Lu, Z., & Yuan, X. (2021). Interactions with artificial water features: A scoping review of health-related outcomes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 215, 104191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104191
Zhang, J., Yin, Z., Chen, P., & Nichele, S. (2020). Emotion recognition using multi-modal data and machine learning techniques: A tutorial and review. Information Fusion, 59, 103-126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.01.011
Zhou, X., Cen, Q., & Qiu, H. (2023). Effects of urban waterfront park landscape elements on visual behavior and public preference: Evidence from eye-tracking experiments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 82, 127889. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127889
水利署（2024）.計畫說明.水環境建設行政透明專屬網站. https://flwe.wra.gov.tw/Default.aspx
王志弘, 黃若慈, & 李涵茹. (2014). 臺北都會區水岸意義與功能的轉變 [Transformation of the Waterfront's Meaning and Function in the Taipei Metropolitan Area]. 地理學報(74), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2014.74.03
吳明隆. (2007). SPSS 操作與應用: 問卷統計分析實務. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司
吳明隆, & 涂金堂. (2014). SPSS 與統計應用分析: 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
吳明隆、張毓仁. (2010). 結構方程模式: 實務應用秘笈.
李英弘、林朝欽 (1997) 地方情感概念在戶外遊憩研究上之探討，休閒遊憩觀光研究成果研討會：休閒遊憩行為，中華民國戶外遊憩學會.
李茂能. (2006). 結構方程模式軟體Amos之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用:An introduction to Amos and its uses in scale development:Graphics & Basic. 心理出版社股份有限公司.
李素馨, & 楊文玲. (2011). 河溪生態工程護岸型態比較之研究 [A Comparison Study of Bioengineering Streambank Types]. 建築學報(78_S), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.6377/ja.201112.0011
邱皓政. (2006). 量化研究與統計分析. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
張偉豪. (2011). SEM論文寫作不求人. 三星統計發行.
陳正昌, 陳新豐, 程炳林, & 劉子鍵. (2005). 多變量分析方法: 統計軟體應用. 五南圖書出版公司.
陳惠美, & 林晏州. (1997). 鄰里公園景觀美質預測模式之研究 [The Study on Scenic Beauty Predictive Model of Neighborhood Parks]. 中國園藝, 43(3), 225-236. https://doi.org/10.6964/jcshs.199709.0225
郭彰仁, 謝宗恒, & 林尚鷁. (2016). 視覺與非視覺環境偏好對景觀偏好與注意力恢復之影響－以溪頭自然教育園區為例 [The Relationships between Environment Preference and Restorative Perception of Environment Example in Xitou Nature Education Area]. 建築學報(97), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.3966/101632122016090097007
曹勝雄, & 孫君儀. (2009). 建構地方依附因果關係模式 [Antecedents and Consequences of Place Attachment]. 地理學報(55), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2009.55.03
曾秉希、王正平&鍾任琴（2007）.地方居民對台中市梅川親水公園依附感之 研究.造園景觀學報, 12(4) , 37-56.
華鈺菁, & 林晏州. (1998). 堤防與河灘地美化型式對視覺景觀偏好之影響 [The Effect of Landscaping Embankment and Riverfront on the Visual Preference]. 中國園藝, 44(2), 144-159. https://doi.org/10.6964/jcshs.199806.0144
黃芳銘. (2015). 結構方程模式-理論與應用: 台灣五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
經濟部（2017）.前瞻基礎建設計畫-水環境建設全國水環境改善計畫(核定本) .經濟部
葉婉柔, & 歐聖榮. (2013). 探討水體不同類型尺度對受測者心理感受之影響 [Discussing the Influences of Different Types and Scales of Waterscape on Subjects' Psychological Perception]. 造園景觀學報, 19(3), 15-34.
鄭以芯. (2018). 臺中親水空間遊客景觀偏好與地方依附對幸福感之影響-以柳川親水公園為例 國立臺中教育大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 台中市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/9zudvv
蕭文龍. (2016). 統計分析入門與應用: SPSS 中文+ SmartPLS3 (PLS_SEM). In. 碁峰出版社.