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研究生: 張凱惇
Chang, Kai-Dun
論文名稱: 兒童人偶頭部角加速度之量具設計與傷害評估
Design of an accelerometer array for a child ATD head on angular acceleration measurement and head injury evaluation
指導教授: 黃才烱
Huang, Tsai-Jeon
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年: 2011
畢業學年度: 99
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 102
中文關鍵詞: 兒童人偶頭部低處頭部墜落角加速度傷害3-2-2-2角加速度陣列
外文關鍵詞: child head dummy, low-height falling, 3-2-2-2 angular acceleration array
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  • 研究顯示,因意外墜落而造成閉鎖性頭部傷害是2到14歲孩童的主要死因。HIC傷害指數是目前普遍用來評估頭部傷害的指標,但其主要考量線性加速度造成的傷害,而對於角加速度則未納入評估。另外也發現多數市面上儀器尺寸較大,或是對於碰撞試驗下的工作頻率來說較低,並不適用於量測頭部角加速度。

    因此,本研究將以六歲兒童人偶的頭部次系統進行低處自由墜落碰撞試驗。其中,於人偶頭部中安裝自行設計之3-2-2-2角加速度量測陣列,用以紀錄墜落時的線加速度與角加速度值。試驗碰撞面包含實心及其他三種不同底層孔隙之遊樂場地墊,還有居家常用之巧拼地墊,控制墜落距離從30、60到90公分三種,頭部初始角度則為30、60、90、120和150度五組,討論線加速度與角加速度間的關係,透過HIC指數和頭部角加速度來評估兩者間對於影響傷害因素的重要性。

    結果顯示, HIC值僅與墜落高度有關,而初始頭部角度則無顯著影響。每個碰撞角度下皆有相同的角位移模式,先逆轉再正轉,而前額面的碰撞通常有較高的角加速度,且當越垂直於水平面時量值則越低。將實驗值與傷害等級做連結,發現在不同橡膠墊保護下,HIC值多小於AIS等級1,但是若依角加速度閾值的判斷方法,則可能出現等級2或更高。顯然地,頭部角度的改變對於HIC值評估傷害會有所誤判,應加上角加速度互相參考評定。

    Falls are the main death issue for closed head injuries in children aged from 2 to 14. The head injury criterion (HIC) is a currently accepted head injury indicator, but it does not relate to rotational loads. Therefore, it is of interest to understand linear and angular accelerations which may lead to a higher likelihood of injury in a free-fall.

    An anthropomorphic 6-year-old child surrogate headform sub-system is instrumented with an acceleration array similar to a WSU 3-2-2-2 fixture, which is capable of measuring the linear and angular accelerations. The headform was dropped onto four different types of rubber tiles on the floor. The trial heights for the impact test were 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 m, and the impact angles of head were set at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 degrees. The possibility of a child’s head injuries can be investigated by utilizing linear and angular accelerations in HIC and sagittal-angular-accelerations (SAA) form.

    Based on the one set many various cases and simulation, the HIC and SAA were computed and compared. Accordingly, the HIC values are similar under the different impacting angles. Nevertheless, frontal or occipital impact has the same rotating tendency. However, when the head direction is more perpendicular to the ground, the SAA is smaller. Especially, the occipital impact is much lower than the frontal one. Obviously, the SAA might play a more important role than the HIC in investigating the low-height falling head injury subject to impact angle changes.

    In conclusion, two indicators influence injury risk. In most cases, the HIC was found below AIS 1, but the SAA was estimated higher than AIS 2. It indicates the head could be protected by rubber tile in linear accelerations situation, but it may still cause brain damage by the rotation acceleration.

    中文摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝 iii 目錄 iv 圖目錄 vi 表目錄 x 符號說明 xi 第一章 緒論 1 1.1.研究動背景及目的 1 1.2.論文架構 7 1.3.研究流程 8 第二章 兒童頭部傷害生物力學 9 2.1.兒童頭部結構 9 2.1.1.頭部結構 9 2.1.2.成人與兒童之差異 13 2.2.頭部傷害機制 17 2.3.頭部受衝擊反應 20 2.4.傷害指數 22 2.4.1.AIS、ISS 22 2.4.2.SI、HIC 24 2.4.3.HPC、3ms criterion、GAMBIT、HIP 25 2.5.縮放理論 27 2.5.1 頭部縮放係數推導 28 2.5.2.兒童頭部縮放係數 30 第三章 兒童人偶頭部角加速度量測 31 3.1.角加速度量測感應器 31 3.2.剛體動力學 34 3.3.加速度陣列設計 37 3.3.1.設計需求 37 3.3.2.設計內容 38 3.4.陣列功能驗證 41 3.4.1.模擬驗證 42 3.4.2.實驗驗證 44 第四章 評估實例應用 53 4.1.評估實驗設計 53 4.2.兒童人偶 56 4.3.墜落實驗結果與討論 59 4.3.1.墜落於45mm實心橡膠墊 59 4.3.2.改變45mm橡膠墊接觸面孔隙 65 4.3.3.改變橡膠墊厚度 69 4.3.4.墜落於巧拼地墊 72 4.4.墜落模擬結果與討論 76 4.4.1.頭部模型設定與生物真實性驗證 76 4.4.2.墜落於45mm實心地墊模擬 78 第五章 研究結果討論與結論 84 5.1.實例實驗與模擬比較 84 5.2.傷害評估 86 5.3.結論與建議 89 5.4.未來發展 92 參考文獻 93 附錄A.電腦模型各部位材料設定 97 附錄B.碰撞結果數據整理 98 自述 102

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