| 研究生: |
王倢云 Wang, Jie-Yun |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
從加拿大公共醫保財源徵收機制檢視全民健保之費基改革 A Study on the Premium Base Reform of NHI in Sight of the Financial Mechanism of Canadian Public Medical Insurance Plan |
| 指導教授: |
蔡維音
Tsai, Wei-Yin |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 法律學系 Department of Law |
| 論文出版年: | 2022 |
| 畢業學年度: | 110 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 112 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 財務赤字 、費基改革 、家戶總所得制 、加拿大公共醫保 、所得稅課徵機制 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | deficit, the reforming of premium base, total household income, Canadian public medical insurance plan, taxation mechanism |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:127 下載:25 |
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我國全民健保施行27年,自開辦以來,迎接過許多的財務挑戰、政策調整及修法歷程,於二代健保時期引進多元支付制度,提升了醫療品質與民眾健康、強化醫療服務效率及價值,並努力控制醫療費用。然而在贏得國際聲譽的同時,卻長期面臨財務虧損的危機,對於健保費基的改革聲浪不斷。
本論文主軸是以於2010年由行政院院會通過版本的家戶總所得制為分析,探討改以「所得稅課徵原理」的計算方式擴大費基,對於提升保費收入之助益與穩定性。並主要以加拿大公共醫保為參考範本,因加國在制度上與我國有諸多相似處:體制為社會保險模型、公費醫療為主且全民強制納保、為單一保險人、使用總額預算支付制度;然高度類似的制度基礎上,加拿大係以所得稅課徵為主之機制維持醫保財源收入。
本研究首先以管轄權和財源徵收,釐清加拿大公共醫保的法律性質和各權利主體間的法律關係;接著根據加拿大以所得稅課徵為主之機制檢視其健康照護之現況。雖加拿大醫保資金不具保險費之性質,但本文試著從課徵法理、撥付運作與相關制度規範,瞭解對於公共醫保財源的影響。最後就學理上,以公平性和可負擔性,討論我國家戶總所得制之規範;在執行運作上,就財源充足性和穩定性檢視家戶總所得制之運作,同時以加拿大為借鏡,分析我國健保費基改採取所得稅課徵原理的可行性。希冀透過不同角度、不同國家經驗剖析家戶總所得制可能出現的問題,並提出相關建議。
In the light of recent deficit in our national health insurance, this thesis aims to discuss the reforming of premium base comparing between Canada and Taiwan with reference to theory and judicial practices. It will first introduce Canada’s public medical insurance plan in the aspects of legal source, system development, organization and operation. After determining the legal relationship between all subjects of right, it will focus on the special taxation mechanism for funding health care in order to analyze our total household income. Last but not least, the thesis will discuss the new system in two sides, formulation and operation, and give advice and suggestions on the reforming.
一、中文文獻
(一)專書
1、孫曉明(2020),世界醫療制度,台北:時報文化。
2、馮永猷(2013),府際財政,台北:元照。
3、陳清秀(2019),稅法總論,11版,台北:元照。
4、陳清秀(2020),稅法各論上,三版,台北:元照。
5、蔡維音(2008),全民健保財政基礎之法理研究,新北:正典。
(二)專書論文
1、張世雄(1996),從疾病治療到健康照護:加拿大健康照護體系的演進與新方向,收於:人口變遷、國民健康與社會安全,頁252-253,台北:中央研究院。
2、蔡茂寅(2014),社會保障的財政問題,收於:王泰升、薛化元、曾建元等著,立憲國家之課題與挑戰:許志雄教授六秩華誕祝壽論文集,頁595-617,台北:元照。
(三)期刊論文
1、王增勇(2000),加拿大長期照護的發展經驗,社區發展季刊,92期,頁270-288。
2、呂文峰(1996),加拿大健康保險財務收支分析,社區發展季刊,76期,頁265-276。
3、李玉君(2008),全民健康保險制度之回顧、檢討與再造,月旦法學雜誌,153期,頁45-46。
4、林炫秋(2008),社會保險權利之憲法保障─以司法院大法官解釋為中心,國立中正大學法學集刊,24期,頁297-353。
5、洪慧茹(1998),加拿大健康保險制度及其對我國的啟示,醫院,3卷31期,頁1-11。
6、孫迺翊(2006),憲法解釋與社會保險制度之建構-以社會保險“相互性”關係為中心,臺大法學論叢,6卷35期,頁241-290。
7、孫迺翊(2008),論社會保險制度之財務運作原則─兼評中央與地方政府關於健保保費補助之爭議問題,政大法學評論,101期,頁61-124。
8、孫迺翊(2016),揮別俾斯麥模式社會保險制度?從德國聯邦憲法法院幾則判決評析德國近二十年健保制度改革方向,歐美研究,46卷3期,頁373-442。
9、陳琇惠(1997),加拿大醫療保健制度概述─兼及美加兩國差異原因研析,社區發展季刊,78期,頁157-165。
10、許飛瓊、郭心潔(2018),加拿大醫療保險制度及借鑑,中國醫療保險,8期,頁68-72。
11、廖欽福(2015),社會保障財政法之概念與原則建構─以長期照顧服務之財源論為中心,財稅研究, 44卷5期,頁142-167。
12、蔡茂寅(2008),全民健康保險現行制度分析與探討,月旦法學雜誌,153期,頁5-21。
13、劉宜君、陳敦源(2020),全民健保財務收支連動機制之研究:問題建構途徑,臺灣社會福利學刊,16卷1期,頁53-90。
14、韓幸紋、梁景洋(2013),以家戶總所得為健保費基方案相關爭議的反思,台灣衛誌,32卷6期,頁526-536。
(四)研究報告
1、內政部社會司(2002),考察美國、加拿大及日本長期照護制度報告書,行政院及所屬各機關出國報告。
2、辛炳隆(2002),加拿大健康照護系統之治理與課責機制,行政院衛生署補助專案計劃出國報告書。
3、李志輝(2006),加拿大、英國和台灣的醫護融資政策,立法會秘書處資料研究及圖書館服務部。
4、李崇僖(2014),全民健保行政救濟案件之實證研究,衛生福利部中央健康保險署 103 年度委託研究計畫。
5、許怡欣(2004),研究建立總額預算分配的優先順序原則與機制,全民健康保險醫療費用協定委員會93年度委辦研究計畫。
6、郭年真(2017),從國際經驗檢視我總額支付制度,衛生福利部106年度委託研究報告。
(五)法院判決
台北高等行政法院93年訴更字一第196號判決。
(六)政府公報
立法院社會福利及衛生環境委員會舉行「全民健康保險法修正草案」公聽會會議紀錄,《立法院公報》,99卷32期,台北:立法院公報處,2010年4 月21 日。
(七)解釋
司法院大法官解釋第745號。
(八)網際網路
1、網路文章
(1)李伯軒,加拿大的多樣性與法律,法信,2013年7月25日,http://www.faxin.cn/lib/flwx/FlqkContent.aspx?gid=F653335#s_3 (最後瀏覽日期:2022年5月15日)
(2)李依玲,英美法特點為何?與大陸法有何不同?,巨群法律事務所,2021年9月27日,http://www.giant-group.com.tw/law/article_content.php?detail=1047 (最後瀏覽日期:2022年5月15日)
2、政府網站
(1)行政院主計總處,108年12月暨全年人力資源調查統計結果,109年1月22日,https://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=45100&ctNode=519&mp=4 (最後瀏覽日期:2021年10月11日)。
(2)行政院主計總處,國民所得及經濟成長,https://www.stat.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=492&mp=4(最後瀏覽日期:2021年10月11日)。
(3)全國法規資料庫,法規名稱英譯統一標準表,https://law.moj.gov.tw/Service/standard_en.aspx(最後瀏覽日期:2021年10月11日)。
(4)財政部國庫署,公益彩券問與答,2022年6月10日,https://www.nta.gov.tw/singlehtml/296?cntId=nta_49_296(最後瀏覽日期:2022年06月12日)。
(5)衛生福利部中央健康保險署,108年國民醫療保健支出電子書,2021年7月15日,https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/lp-5103-113-xCat-y108.html(最後瀏覽日期:2021年10月11日)。
(6)衛生福利部中央健康保險署,全民健康保險統計資料,2021年10月13日,https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=82B811CDE03526FB&topn=23C660CAACAA159D(最後瀏覽日期:2021年10月11日)。
(7)衛生福利部國民健康署,菸品健康福利捐,2022年4月18日,https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeid=184(最後瀏覽日期:2022年06月12日)。
3、媒體報導
(1)林周義,落實健保改革 民團籲推家戶總所得,中國時報,2021年1月1日,https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20210101000451-260118?chdtv (最後瀏覽日:2021年9月30日)
(2)陳潔,真的假的?「安全準備金」是健保費率調漲的關鍵?,報導者,2020年11月26日, https://www.twreporter.org/a/mini-reporter-national-health-insurance-reserve-fund (最後瀏覽日:2022年5月22日)。
(3)葉金川,三代健保若採家戶總所得加倍不公平,聯合報,2015年3月24日,https://health.udn.com/health/story/7394/784360 (最後瀏覽日:2022年5月22日)。
(4)管中維,陳時中拋3改革盼健保永續專家籲推家戶總所得,中央通訊社,2020年12月31日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202012310338.aspx(最後瀏覽日:2021年9月30日)。
二、英文文獻
(一)專書
1、Trudeau, P. E. (1969). Federal-Provincial Grants and the Spending Power of Parliament. Library of Parliament.
2、Torjman, S. (2014). Paying For Canada. Caledon Institute of Social Policy.
(二)期刊論文
1、Beatty, H. (1988). Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements: Their Impact on Social Policy And Current Prospects For Reform. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 3(3), 36.
2、Braën, A. (2002). Health and the Distribution of Powers in Canada. Discussion Paper, 2, 1.
3、Bayoumi, A. H., Dhalla, I. A. Guyatt, G. H., and Stabile, M. (2011). Broadening the base of publicly funded health care. Canadian medical association journal, 183(5), 296
4、Butler, M. & Tiedemann, M. (2013). The Federal Role in Health and Health Care. Library of Parliament, 91, 1.
5、Caulfieid, T. (1997). Legal aspects of the physician-patient relationship. Canadian Family Physician, 43, 2093.
6、Chawla, R. K. & Wannell, T. (2003). Property taxes. Statistics Canada, 4(7), 12.
7、Corscadden, L., Wolfson, M., Grignon,M. and Allin,S. (2014). Publicly Financed Healthcare and Income Inequality in Canada. Health Quarterly, 17(2), 7.
8、Canadian Institute for Health Information (2019). National Health Expenditure Trends 1975 to 2019, Canadian Institute for Health Information, 1.
9、Dunsmuir, M. (1991). The Spending Power: Scope and Limitations. Library of Parliament, 272, 1.
10、Donaldson, A. (2019). The Doctor-Patient Relationship and Duty of Care – How Wide Should The Net Be Cast? the Verdict, 163, 27.
11、Deslauriers, J., Gagné, R., Gouba, F. É. and Paré, J. (2021). Federal transfers to the provinces:Setting the record straight. Centre for Productivity and Prosperity, 4.
12、Jackmam, M. (2014). The Constitutional Basis for Federal Regulation of Health. Health Law Review, 5(2), 1.
13、Kirby, M. J. (2002). The health of Canadians - The federal role: Final report volume six - Recommendations for reform. Parliament of Canada, 6.
14、Leeson,H. (2002). Constitutional Jurisdiction Over Health and Health Care Services in Canada. Library of Parliament, 12, 1.
15、McCall, R. T. (1975). Constitutional Jurisdiction Over Public Health. Manitoba Law Journal, 6(2), 317.
16、Madore, O. (1997). The Transfer of Tax Points to Provinces Under The Canada Health And Social Transfer. Library of Parliament, 450, 1.
17、Madore, O. (2003). The Canada Health Act: Overview and Options. Library of Parliament, 4, 1.
18、McAlister, F. A., Cram, P. and Bell, C. M. (2018). Comparing Canadian health care to that in other countries: looking beyond the headlines. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 190(8), 207.
19、Marchildon, G. P., Allin, S.and Merkir,S. (2020). Canada: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 22(3), 1.
20、Mou, H. (2021). What Now: Canada Health Transfer-Background and future. Canada West Foundation, 1.
21、Norris, S. (2018). Federal Funding For Health Care. Library of Parliament, 45, 1.
22、Quesnel-Vallée, A., Miller, A.P., Vissandjée, B.,Martin, D.,Marchildon, G. P. and Caron,N. R. (2018). Canada’s Universal Health-Care System: Achieving it’s potential. Canada’s global leadership on health, 391, 1718.
23、Telford,H. (1999). The Federal Spending Power in Canada: National-Building or National-Destorying? Working Papers, 33(1), 23.
24、Thomas, B.P., Flood, C. M. M., Lahey,W. (2017). Federalism and Health Care in Canada: A Troubled Romance? Research Papers, Working Papers, Conference Papers, 17, 1.
(三)判決
1、Citizen Insurance Co. v. Parsons, (1881) 7 AC.
2、Canada (AG) v. Ontario (AG), (1934) 3DLR.
3、Canadian Indemnity Co. v. British Columbia(AG), (1977) 2 SCR.
4、Carruthers v. Therapeutic Abortion Committees of Lions Gate Hospital, (1983) 6 DLR.
5、Ex Parte Fairbain (1877) 18 NBR 4.
6、Eldridge v. British Columbia (1997) 3 SCR.
7、Fawcett v. Ontario (AG) & Canada (AG), (1964) SCR.
8、Landers v. Dental Society, (1957) 7 DLR (2) 583.
9、Metherwell v. The Medical Council of British Columbia, (1892) 2 BCR.
10、Norberg v. Wynrib (1992)2 SCR.
11、Ontario (Attorney General) v. Canada Temperance Federation, (1946) 2 DLR
12、Reference reEmployment and Social Insurance Act, (1936) 3 DLR.
13、Reference re Validity of Section 5 (a) Dairy Industry Act, (1949) SCR.
14、R v Hauser, (1979) 1 SCR.
15、R. v. Wetmore, (1983) 2 SCR.
16、R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd., (1988) 1 SCR.
17、R. v. Morgentaler, (1988) 1 SCR.
18、RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (AG), (1995) 3 SCR.
19、Schneider v. The Queen, (1982) 2 SCR.
20、Toronto Electric Commissioners v Snider, (1925) AC.
21、Winterhaven Stables Ltd. v. Canada (Attorney General), (1988) 91 AR.
(四)網際網路
1、A guide to supplementary health insurance. Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association Inc. https://www.clhia.ca/web/CLHIA_LP4W_LND_Webstation.nsf/resources/Consumer+Brochures/$file/Brochure_Guide_To_Health_ENG.pdf.
2、Blanchette, C. & Madore,O. (1997, July 10). Canada Health and Social Transfer: Funding Formula and Changes in Transfers. Library of Parliament. https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp381-e.htm
3、Bear, R. (2012, November 15). Hiring doctors – whose interests should come first? Healthy Debate. https://healthydebate.ca/2012/11/about-healthy-debate/opinions-about-healthy-debate/doctors_and_hospitals_relationship/.
4、Blenford, A. ( 2019, March). Canada tops the list of healthiest countries in global ranking. Bnn Bloomberg. https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/smaller-countries-are-becoming-the-healthiest-1.1222946.
5、Bonderud, D. (2019, December 3) Calculating Payroll Tax in Canada: A guide for small businesses. Sage. https://www.sage.com/en-ca/blog/calculating-payroll-tax-canada-the-complete-small-business-guide/.
6、Canada.ca. (2010, September 15). Transcription of: Cede, Yield and Surrender: A History of Indian Treaties in Canada. https://web.archive.org/web/20120415112807/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100029178/1100100029179.
7、Canada.ca. (2011, December 19). Canada Health Transfer. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/federal-transfers/canada-health-transfer.html.
8、Canada.ca. (2011, December 19). Equalization Program. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/federal-transfers/equalization.html.
9、Canada.ca. (2014, July 2). Government Finance. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-516-x/sectionh/4057752-eng.htm#1.
10、Canada.ca. (2017, August 8). Health Portfolio. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/health-portfolio.html.
11、Closing the Gap. (2018, May 30). Healthcare in Ontario: How does it Work and How is it Funded? Closing the Gap Healthcare Group Inc. https://www.closingthegap.ca/healthcare-in-ontario-how-does-it-work-and-how-is-it-funded/.
12、Canada.ca. (2018, August 14). A Common Statement of Principles on Shared Health Priorities. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/transparency/health-agreements/principles-shared-health-priorities.html.
13、Canada.ca. (2019, August 29). Federal transfers to provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/federal-transfers.html#Major.
14、Canada.ca. (2019, September 17). Canada's Health Care System. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/reports-publications/health-care-system/canada.html.
15、Canada.ca. (2019, September 23). A Prescription For Canada:Achieving Pharmanare For All. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/about-health-canada/public-engagement/external-advisory-bodies/implementation-national-pharmacare/final-report.html.
16、Canada.ca. (2020, November 27). Three-fifths of total federal, provincial, territorial and local spending went to social protection, health care and education in 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/201127/dq201127a-eng.htm.
17、CIHI. (2021, November 4). National Health Expenditure Trends, 2021. Canadian Institute for Health Information. https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends.
18、Canada.ca. (2022, May 12). Corporation tax rates. https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/businesses/topics/corporations/corporation-tax-rates.html.
19、Canada.ca. (2022, May 17). Corporation ─ Income Tax Guide. https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/t4012/t2-corporation-income-tax-guide-chapter-7-page-8-t2-return.html#P3164_233332.
20、Esmail, N. (2012, May). Canadian health care system provides poor value for tax dollars spent. Fraser Institute. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/canadian-health-care-system-provides-poor-value-for-tax-dollars-spent.
21、Four years of wartime income tax. Wartime Canada. https://wartimecanada.ca/document/world-war-ii/taxation/four-years-wartime-income-tax.
22、Lammam, C. (2016, August 31). 42 per cent of income goes to taxes—some 'value' perspective for Canadian families. Fraser Institute. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs/42-per-cent-of-income-goes-to-taxes-some-value-perspective-for-canadian-families.
23、Madore, O. (1991, August). Established Programs Financing For Health Care. Library of Parliament. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp264-e.htm
24、Medical Services Plan (MSP) for British Columbia (B.C.) Residents. British Columbia. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/health-drug-coverage/msp/bc-residents/eligibility-and-enrolment.
25、Tikkanen, R., Osborn, R., Mossialos, E., Djordjevic, A. and Wharton, G. A. (2020, June 5). International Health Care System Profiles: Canada. The Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/canada.
26、TurboTax Canada. (2022, January 15). Canada’s Federal Personal Income Tax Brackets and Tax Rates. TurboTax Canada. https://turbotax.intuit.ca/tips/an-overview-of-federal-tax-rates-286.
27、U.S. News Staff. (2022, January 10). Canada ranks #1 in the world. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/canada.