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研究生：	彭昱銘 Peng, Yu-Ming
論文名稱：	應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系ABPO4 (A=Li, Na, K; B=Ca, Sr, Ba)下轉換螢光材料之研究 Research on ABPO4 (A=Li, Na, K; B=Ca, Sr, Ba) of phosphate based phosphors with down-conversion applied in white light emitting diode
指導教授：	蘇炎坤 Su, Yan-Kuin
共同指導教授:	楊茹媛 Yang, Ru-Ruan
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 微電子工程研究所 Institute of Microelectronics
論文出版年：	2014
畢業學年度：	102
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	180
中文關鍵詞：	螢光粉、磷酸、熱穩定、微波、燒結、助熔劑
外文關鍵詞：	phosphor, phosphate, thermal stability, microwave, sintering, flux
相關次數：	點閱：115 下載：1
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1996 年，日亞化學的中村修二(Nakamura)研究員等人成功製備出白光發光二極
體 (White light emitting diode, WLED)，其係利用混光的方式以藍光發光二極體元件搭配黃色摻鈰之釔鋁石榴石(cerium doped yttrium aluminum garnet, YAG:Ce3+)。雖然此種方式所製備之WLED 之發光效率佳，但仍有藍光轉換效率不佳、白光演色性不高與所使用之YAG:Ce3+螢光粉之熱穩定性較差之問題。近年來，在高功率LED 的發展之下，驅動電流亦愈來愈大，所產生之問題即為熱管理。若無法有效處理熱問題，發光效率將有莫大影響。為改善上述之缺點，極需提出一種同時可提升轉換效率以及改善熱穩定之方法。有關於熱的問題，由於氧化物中的磷酸鹽( ABPO4，A=Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+，B=Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ )為主體晶格之螢光粉係為一具有共價性質之三維剛性結構，極適合載子之傳輸，亦即，磷酸鹽系列之螢光粉之熱穩定相當優異。這也就是說，以磷酸鹽為主體晶格之螢光粉材料為一解決高功率WLED 熱問題之一可行且有效之方式。且，磷酸鹽系列之螢光粉亦具有演色性佳、色偏小、成本低且專利侷限較輕之優點，因此極具未來發展潛力。有鑑於此，因此在本論文中，我們係選用四種不同之磷酸鹽結構作為主體晶格，分別為KSrPO4、NaCaPO4、LiSrPO4 及LiBaPO4；
以及三種不同的稀土元素作為活化劑，分別為Tb、Sm 及Eu。此外，本論文係採用
微波輔助燒結法製備KSrPO4:Tb3+、LiSrPO4:Eu3+、KSrPO4:Eu3+、KSrPO4:Sm3+與KSrPO4:Tb3+:Ce3+螢光粉。結果顯示：相較於傳統固態反應法所製備之螢光粉，利用微波輔助燒結法製備之螢光粉可得到較佳品質的螢光粉，並可降低製程時間、成本及所需的能量。另外，助熔劑 (flux)也常被用來促進燒結過程並提升螢光粉的發光特性。在本論文中，我們亦採用了NaCl 與NH4Cl 做為助熔劑分別合成KSrPO4:Eu2+與NaCaPO4:Eu3+螢光粉並探討微結構與發光特性。在本論文的最後部分，我們選擇最佳條件所製備之紅色螢光粉：NaCaPO4:Eu3+、LiSrPO4:Eu3+與KSrPO4:Eu3+，並比較發光特性。接著，我們選擇具有最佳的發光特性的紅色螢光粉KSrPO4:Eu3+與YAG:Ce3+黃粉混合，並封裝成WLED。由實驗結果可知，利用微波輔助燒結法製備之紅色螢光粉KSrPO4:Eu3+應可提升一般YAG:Ce3+封裝之WLED 的演色性，且由於該磷酸系基螢光粉之導入，使得所製備之WLED 元件在變電流1350 mA 的測試下，亦能持續發光。

In 1996, White light emitting diode (WLED) was fabricated by using the blue LED chip and yellow emitting phosphor such as cerium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce3+) by Nichia, and further developed the major market age. Although the WLED has high brightness and efficiency, it still has some problems such as color variation, low reproducibility, and the prepared phosphor has low thermal stability. Recently, there is a problem with heat generated as the driving current increased due to the high power LED that has developed. That is to say, if heat problem cannot be improved effectively, luminous efficiency will be affected. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, it is necessary to take a way to improve the conversion efficiency and thermal stability. Regarding the heat problem, the phosphate oxide compound ( ABPO4，A=Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+，B=Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ ) as the host lattice of covalent nature of the phosphor have three dimensional rigid structure. The phosphate oxide is very suitable for carrier transport, and the thermal stability of the phosphate series is quite outstanding. Using phosphate as host lattice in the phosphor material can solve the thermal problem of the high power of white LED in effective way. Besides that, phosphate based phosphors have excellent color rendering, small color cast, low cost and low patents limit to be a great potential of development in the future. Thus, in this thesis, we choose four different structures as host, which are KSrPO4, NaCaPO4, LiSrPO4 and LiBaPO4, respectively andchoose three different rare earth elements as activator, which are Tb, Sm, and Eu. Moreover, KSrPO4:Tb3+, LiSrPO4:Eu3+, KSrPO4:Eu3+, KSrPO4:Sm3+, and KSrPO4:Tb3+:Ce3+ phosphors were synthesized by using microwave assisted sintering
technique and discussed their microstructure and photoluminescent properties. The experimental results showed the phosphors prepared by using microwave assisted sintering
can reduce the sintering time, cost, and required energy for the high quality production of phosphors. Moreover, several fluxes were used to improve the sintering process and to
enhance the photoluminescent properties in phosphor. In this thesis, we also adopted NaCl and NH4Cl fluxes to synthesis KSrPO4:Eu2+and NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphor, respectively and
investigated their microstructure and photoluminescent properties. In the last part of this thesis, we choose the optimal sintering parameter for phosphors of NaCaPO4:Eu3+, LiSrPO4:Eu3+, and KSrPO4:Eu3+, and compared their photoluminescent properties. Among these, we choose a red phosphor of KSrPO4:Eu3+ with the optimal photoluminescent properties and tried to package it into the YAG:Ce3+ WLED. From the experimental results, it can be known that the addition of the red phosphor of KSrPO4:Eu3+ prepared by using microwave assisted sintering was supposed to improve the color rendering of the YAG:Ce3+ WLED and the WLED could continually emit light under 1350 mA due to the phosphate based phosphor.

Contents	VI
Table Captions	VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1-1	Brief introduction of phosphors	1
1-2	The structure of ABPO4	6
1-2-1	The structure of KSrPO4	8
1-2-2	The structure of NaCaPO4	9
1-2-3	The structure of LiSrPO4	10
1-2-4	The structure of LiBaPO4	11
1-3	Motivation of this study	12
Reference	15
Chapter 2 Basic theory	21
2-1	Fluorescence and phosphorescence	21
2-2	Emission theory and process of the phosphor	23
2-2-1 Absorption and excitation of the phosphor	23
2-2-2	Luminescence property of the rare earth elements	24
2-3	Properties of phosphors	26
2-3-1	Concentration quenching effect	26
2-3-2	Thermal quenching effect	27
2-3-3	Poisoning	28
2-4	Microwave-assisted sintering method	29
Reference	35
Chapter 3 Experimental procedures	36
3-1	Experiment materials	36
3-2	Experiment procedures	36
3-2-1	Fabrication of KSrPO4:Tb3+ phosphors	38
3-2-2	Fabrication of KSrPO4:Eu2+ phosphors with flux	39
3-2-3	Fabrication of NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphors with flux	40
3-2-4	Fabrication of LiSrPO4:Eu3+ phosphors	40
3-2-5	Fabrication of KSrPO4:Eu3+ phosphors	41
3-2-6	Fabrication of LiBaPO4:Sm3+ phosphors	42
3-2-7	Fabrication of KSrPO4:Tb3+:Ce3+phosphors	43
3-3	Measurement system	44
3-3-1	XRD	44
3-3-2	SEM	45
3-3-3	TEM	46
3-3-4	EDS	47
3-3-5	PL	48
3-3-6	EL	49
Reference	50
Chapter 4 Results and discussion	51
4-1	Preparation of KSrPO4:Tb3+ phosphors and their properties	51
4-1-1	Effects of Tb3+ concentration	51
4-1-2	Effects of thermal stability	60
4-2	Preparation of KSrPO4:Eu2+ phosphors with flux and their properties	71
4-3	Preparation of NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphors with flux and their properties	84
4-3-1 Effects of sintering temperature	84
4-3-2 Effects of thermal stability	100
4-4	Preparation of LiSrPO4: Eu3+ phosphors and their properties	105
4-4-1 Effects of Eu3+ concentration	105
4-4-2 Effects of thermal stability	115
4-5	Preparation of KSrPO4:Eu3+ phosphors and their properties	119
4-6	Preparation of LiBaPO4: Sm3+ phosphors and their properties	134
4-7	Preparation of KSrPO4:Tb3+:Ce3+ phosphors and their properties	143
4-8	The comparison of photoluminescent properties within red NaCaPO4:Eu3+, LiSrPO4:Eu3+, and KSrPO4:Eu3+ phosphors applied in WLEDs	150
References	157
Chapter 5 Conclusion	170
Publish List	175
Vita	180
Table Captions
Table 1-1 The comparison of various types of lighting equipment [3].	1
Table 1-2 The number of papers of phosphate series of phosphors with different ABPO4 structure [6].	7
Table 4-1 Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of the KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ (x=0, 0.06) phosphors prepared by using microwave assisted sintering at 1200℃ for 1 hour in atmosphere.	62
Table 4-2 Lattice parameters and Estimated Standard Deviation (ESD) values of the KSrPO4:xTb3+ (x=0.06) phosphor prepared by using microwave assisted sintering at 1200℃ for 1 hour in atmosphere. (d: d-spacing defined by the indices h, k, l)	63 
Table 4-3 Lattice parameters and unit cell volume of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphors prepared by using microwave assisted sintering at various sintering temperature by using microwave assisted sintering.	121
Table 4-4 Peak positions of the magnetic dipole transition of 5D0→7F1 (P1) of 589~591 nm, electric dipole transition of 5D0→7F2 (P2) of 613~614 nm, their full widths at the half maximum (w1) and (w2) for P1 and P2, respectively, and the values of A21 (A21= I2 (5D0→7F2)/ I1 (5D0→7F1)) for KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) sintered at various sintering temperature using microwave assisted sintering at 395 nm excitations.	129
Table 4-5 Peak positions of the magnetic dipole transition of 5D0→7F1 (P1) of 592~597 nm, electric dipole transition of 5D0→7F2 (P2) of 617~627 nm, their full widths at the half maximum (w1) and (w2) for P1 and P2, respectively, and the values of A21 (A21= I2 (5D0→7F2)/ I1 (5D0→7F1)) for KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) sintered at various sintering temperature using microwave assisted sintering at 395 nm excitations.	129
Figure Captions
Figure 1-1 Approaches of WLEDs [3]	3
Figure 1-2 Energy transfer diagram of the phosphor [6]	3
Figure 1-3 Overall cost of WLEDs [7]	4
Figure 1-4 Crystal structure of KSrPO4 [35].	9
Figure 1-5 Crystal structure of NaCaPO4 [37].	10
Figure 1-6 Crystal structure of LiSrPO4 [37].	11
Figure 1-7 Crystal structure of LiBaPO4 [41].	12
Figure 2-1 Molecule energy level diagram for a PL system: (1) light absorption; (2) vibrational relaxation; (3) internal conversion; (4) internal conversion or external conversion; (5) radiative transition; and (6) non-radiative transitions [1]	21
Figure 2-2 Energy transformed diagram of excitation energy [2]	24
Figure 2-3 Diagram of 4f level transition. (For example: Eu3+) [3]	25
Figure 2-4 Diagram of the concentration quenching effect [5].	27
Figure 2-5 Thermal quenching in the configurational Mordlnate model [3]	28
Figure 2-6 Diagram of the poisoning phenomenon [6]	29
Figure 2-7 The diagrams of conventional furnace and microwave furnace [2]	31
Figure 2-8 The schematic diagram of the molecular movements in the electric field [4]………………………………………………………………………………………33
Figure 2-9 Frequency dependence of the polarization mechanisms in dielectrics [4]………………………………………………………………………………………34
Figure 3-1 Schematic of our experimental process. (For example: KZnPO4)	38
Figure 3-2 X-ray Powder Diffractometer. (from Department of Material Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology)	45
Figure 3-3 Scanning electron microscope. (from National Pingtung University of Science and Technology)	46
Figure 3-4 Transmission electron microscopy. (from National Sun Yat-sen University)……………………………………………………………………………47
Figure 3-5 Spectrofluorimeter (from National Nano Device Laboratories)	48
Figure 3-6 Electroluminescence measure system (from National Pingtung University of Science and Technology)	49
Figure 4-1 (a) XRD pattern and (b) an enlargement of the strongest XRD peak diffraction peak of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ phosphors with different Tb3+ ion concentration prepared by using microwave assisted sintering.	54
Figure 4-2 SEM image and EDS data of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3 phosphors with (a) x=0.05, (b) x=0.06, (c) x=0.07, and (d) x=0.08 prepared by using microwave assisted sintering………………………………………………………………………………56
Figure 4-3 Photoluminescence emission spectras of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3 phosphors with different Tb3+ molar concentrations prepared by microwave assisted sintering. (λex = 225 nm).	58
Figure 4-4 Fluorescence decay time of 542 nm emission for KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ phosphor with x=0.06.	59
Figure 4-5 Emission spectra of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ (x=0.06) phosphor prepared by using microwave assisted sintering with λex = 225 nm. Insert is a schematic diagram of the energy levels of Tb3+ for the cross-relaxation processes.	65
Figure 4-6 Emission spectras as a function of measured temperature of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ (x=0.06) phosphor prepared by using microwave assisted sintering. Insert is temperature dependence of relative emission intensity.	67
Figure 4-7 The activation energies of the thermal quenching of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ (x=0.06) phosphor prepared by using microwave assisted sintering. Insert is a schematic configuration coordinate diagram for the excited state level and the ground state level.	69
Figure 4-8 The typical decay curves at 542 nm emission of Tb3+ under 225 nm of excitation measured at different temperature. Inset is decay time at different temperature.	70
Figure 4-9 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of KSr1-xPO4:xTb3+ (x=0.06) phosphor in the range of 30~200°C prepared by using microwave assisted sintering.	71
Figure 4-10 XRD pattern of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphors with different concentrations of NaCl flux sintered at 1300℃ for 3 hour.	73
Figure 4-11 EDS data of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphors sintered at 1300℃ for 3 hour with NaCl flux of (a) 0 wt %, (b) 2 wt. %, (c) 4 wt. % and (d) 6 wt. %.	74
Figure 4-12 SEM image of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphors sintered at 1300℃ for 3 hour with NaCl flux of (a) 0 wt %, (b) 2 wt. %, (c) 4 wt. % and (d) 6 wt. %.	76
Figure 4-13 Photoluminescence emission spectra of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphors with different concentrations of NaCl flux sintered at 1300℃ for 3 hour. (λex = 320 nm).	…………………………………………………….……………………………..77
Figure 4-14 Schematic of the energy band gap of the luminescence of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphors; τNR and τR is nonradiative lifetime and radiative lifetime associated with transitions from a conduction band and a valence band [27]……………………………………………………………………………………..79
Figure 4-15 Fluorescence decay time of 427 nm emission for KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphor with 6 wt. % NaCl flux.	80
Figure 4-16 Emission spectras as a function of measured temperature of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphor with 6 wt. % NaCl flux.	82
Figure 4-17 Temperature dependence of relative emission intensity of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphor with 6 wt. % NaCl flux.	83
Figure 4-18 The activation energies of the thermal quenching of KSr0.99PO4:0.01Eu2+ phosphor with 6 wt. % NaCl flux.	84
Figure 4-19 XRD pattern of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at various sintering temperature for 3 hours via solid state reaction method………………………………………………………………………………..87
Figure 4-20 SEM image of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at various sintering temperature for 3 hours via solid state reaction method: (a) 800℃, (b) 900℃, (c) 1000℃ and (d) 1100℃.	89
Figure 4-21 TEM micrographs of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at 1000℃.	90
Figure 4-22 Photoluminescence excitation spectra of the red emission at 620 nm of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at various sintering temperature for 3 hours via solid state reaction method.	92
Figure 4-23 Photoluminescence emission spectra of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at various sintering temperature for 3 hours via solid state reaction method. NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphor with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux. (λex = 270 nm).	…………………………………………………………………………………...94
Figure 4-24 A energy level schematic of Eu3+ ions for the cross-relaxation processes……………………………………………………………………………...96
Figure 4-25 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at various sintering temperature for 3 hours via solid state reaction method.	98
Figure 4-26 Fluorescence decay time of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at 1000℃ for 3 hours via solid state reaction method (and λex= 270, λem= 620 nm).	99
Figure 4-27 Emission spectras as a function of measured temperature of NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphor with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at 1000℃ for 3 hours via solid state reaction method.	101
Figure 4-28 Temperature dependence of relative emission intensity of NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphor with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at 1000℃ for 3 hours via solid state reaction method.	102
Figure 4-29 The activation energies of the thermal quenching of NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphor with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at 1000℃ for 3 hours via solid state reaction method.	104
Figure 4-30 EL emission spectra of NaCaPO4:Eu3+ phosphor with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux sintered at 1000℃ for 3 hours via solid state reaction method combined n-UV LED. Inset is the enlargement of the emission range (500-750 nm) of the phosphor.	105
Figure 4-31 XRD pattern of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions prepared by microwave assisted sintering.	107
Figure 4-32 TEM micrographs of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.05) phosphor prepared by microwave assisted sintering.	108
Figure 4-33 Excitation spectrum of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions prepared by microwave assisted sintering.	110
Figure 4-34 Emission spectrum of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions prepared by microwave assisted sintering. (λex= 395 nm). The insert shows the resolved emission spectrum in wavelengths from 579 to 588 nm……………………………………………………………………………………112
Figure 4-35 Decay profiles of the luminescence of 5D0 level of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions prepared by microwave assisted sintering recorded under excitation at 395 nm and emission at 617 nm.	114
Figure 4-36 EL emission spectra of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.05) phosphor combind n-UV LED under forward-bias DC currents of 350 mA.	115
Figure 4-37 Emission spectras as a function of measured temperature of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.05) phosphor prepared by microwave assisted sintering.	116
Figure 4-38 Temperature dependence of relative emission intensity of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.05) phosphor prepared by microwave assisted sintering.	117
Figure 4-39 The activation energies of the thermal quenching of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.05) phosphor prepared by microwave assisted sintering	118
Figure 4-40 XRD pattern of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphors sintered at various sintering temperature by using microwave assisted sintering.	121
Figure 4-41 SEM images of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) sintered at various sintering temperature by using microwave assisted sintering. (a) 1000℃, (b) 1100℃, (c) 1200℃ and (d) 1300℃.	124
Figure 4-42 Emission spectras of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphors sintered at various sintering temperature by using microwave assisted sintering. (and λex= 395 nm). Inset is excitation spectra.	125
Figure 4-43 A energy level schematic of Eu3+ ions for the cross-relaxation processes…………………………………………………………………………….126
Figure 4-44 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphors sintered at various sintering temperature by using microwave assisted sintering.	131
Figure 4-45 Fluorescence decay time of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphors prepared by using microwave assisted sintering at various sintering temperatures. (and λex= 395, λem= 617 nm).	133
Figure 4-46 EL emission spectrum of the orange-red LED under forward-bias DC currents of 350 mA. The insert shows a CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of the phosphor-converted LED.	134
Figure 4-47 XRD pattern of LiBa0.95PO4:0.05Sm3+ phosphors prepared by microwave sintering at 900℃ for 3 hour and conventional sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours.	136
Figure 4-48 SEM image of LiBa0.95PO4:0.05Sm3+ phosphors prepared by (a) microwave sintering at 900℃ for 3 hour and (b) conventional sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours.	138
Figure 4-49 TEM image of LiBa0.95PO4:0.05Sm3+ phosphors prepared by (a) microwave sintering at 900℃ for 3 hour and (b) conventional sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours.	139
Figure 4-50 The emission spectra of LiBa0.95PO4:0.05Sm3+ phosphors prepared by (a) microwave sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours and (b) conventional sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours. Insert is the diagram for the schematic energy levels of Sm3+ ion.	140
Figure 4-51 CIE 1931 (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, CIE) chromaticity diagram of LiBa0.95PO4:0.05Sm3+ phosphors prepared by microwave sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours and conventional sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours.	141
Figure 4-52 Fluorescence decay time of LiBa0.95PO4:0.05Sm3+ phosphors prepared by (a) microwave sintering at 900℃ for 3 hour and (b) conventional sintering at 900℃ for 3 hours. (and λex= 405, λem= 607 nm).	143
Figure 4-53 XRD patterns of KSr1-x-yPO4:xTb3+:yCe3+ (x=0.06) phosphors with different concentrations of Ce3+ ions prepared by using microwave assisted sintering……………………………………………………………………………..145
Figure 4-54 Excitation spectra of KSrPO4:Tb3+:Ce3+ phosphors prepared by using microwave assisted sintering	146
Figure 4-55 Emission spectra of KSr1-x-yPO4:xTb3+:yCe3+ (x=0.06) phosphors with different concentrations of Ce3+ ions prepared by using microwave assisted sintering. Inset is the CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of KSr1-x-yPO4:xTb3+:yCe3+ (x=0.06) phosphors with different concentrations of Ce3+ ions prepared by using microwave assisted sintering.	148
Figure 4-56 The emission spectra of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux, LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.05) phosphor, and KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphor (λex = 4555 nm)	151
Figure 4-57 The emission spectra of mixed phosphors:  (a)Without any red phosphor. (b)Red phosphor of NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux. (c)Red phosphor of KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01). (d) Red phosphor of LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+(x=0.05).	153
Figure 4-58 Emission spectrum of our LEDs with Commercial YAG: Ce3+、YAG: Ce3+ prepared by us、Sample A、Sample and Sample C. (Sample A: LiSr1-xPO4:xEu3+(x=0.05); Sample B: NaCa0.95PO4:0.05Eu3+ phosphors with 2 wt. % NH4Cl flux; KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) )	155
Figure 4-59 EL emission spectra of the KSr1-xPO4:xEu3+ (x=0.01) phosphor was mixed with the prepared YAG:Ce3+ phosphor by us applied in WLED under forward-bias DC currents of 350, 550, 750, 950, 1150 and 1350 mA.	156
                                    

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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