研究目的：過去研究指出在兒童發展時期已經具備基本情緒辨識的能力，而此能力有助於個體進行社交互動、親密關係的建立與維持，且臨床上也開始重視患者這方面的能力並進行評估，因此本研究的目的是建立一個以台灣人的臉部情緒與聲調情緒為刺激材料，並具有信效度的基本情緒辨識測驗。
研究方法：本研究發展的「華人情緒辨識測驗」，其中臉部情緒刺激選自於台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫-專業表演者臉部常模；聲調情緒刺激選自於台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫-基本情緒聲調與中山大學陳嘉平教授與其學生建置的台灣語料庫之國語聲調。測驗方式依據「佛羅里達情緒測驗」，共有九個分測驗，測驗模式分為三種，分別為視覺模式-使用臉部情緒為刺激、聽覺模式-使用聲調情緒為刺激以及結合視覺與聽覺模式，以平板電腦進行。(1)受試者：以南部的大學、活動中心為主要招募地點，納入標準為18歲以上的健康成年人，共132名。(2)研究工具：「華人情緒辨識測驗」、神經心理功能評估工具（簡短智能狀態評估、同步聽覺連續加法測驗、魏氏記憶量表第三版-邏輯記憶、圖繪記憶、語意流暢性測驗、彩色路徑描繪測驗、史楚普字色測驗、修正版威斯康辛卡片分類測驗）、「眼神辨識測驗」。(3)統計方法：以答對人數百分比、極端組比較、Cronbach’s α、皮爾森績差相關檢驗「華人情緒辨識測驗」的難度、鑑別度、內部一致性信度、再測信度、內容效度、效標關聯效度以及區辨效度。
研究結果：(1)平均難度為0.71，分測驗的難度介於0.50-0.92；平均鑑別度為0.24，分測驗的鑑別度介於0.08-0.33。(2) Cronbach’s α為0.95，分測驗的內部一致性介於0.48至0.82。(3)三個月後再測信度0.85。(4)內容效度以雙向細目表與各題目的正確率呈現。(5)效標關聯效度以眼神辨識測驗作為效標並排除注意力的影響後，有顯著正相關。(6)區辨效度以神經心理測驗與「華人情緒辨識測驗」的相關來分析，多達顯著相關，呈現低至中度相關。
研究討論：「華人情緒辨識測驗」具有良好的內部一致性信度、再測信度以及效標關聯效度，但區辨效度不佳，這可能是因為部分分測驗題項的刺激量過多，或是在聲調情緒和臉部-聲音情緒配對的分測驗中需仰賴受試者的注意力與記憶力而影響。華人情緒辨識測驗以平板電腦進行，計分方便亦能記錄受試者的反應時間，並使用台灣地區的刺激材料進行本土化，測驗方式使用雙重管道進行，可評估受試者情緒辨識能力不同模式的差異。未來研究建議可將臨床組納入分析，以便評估不同臨床組患者在情緒辨識能力損傷的差異。
關鍵字： 情緒辨識、臉部情緒、聲調情緒、信度、效度

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and valid test of emotion recognition—the Emotion Recognition Test of Taiwanese (ERTT)—which used Taiwanese face and prosody as stimuli. The stimuli used in the test included Taiwanese faces and Mandarin tones from the Taiwan Corpora of Chinese Emotion and Relevant Psychophysiological Data and Emotional Speech Database from Taiwan. With reference to the Florida Affect Battery (FAB), the ERTT includes nine subtests—five facial tests, two prosodic tests, and two cross-modal tests. Seven different emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, and neutral) can be identified in these subtests. 132 healthy adults (mean age= 49.38) were evaluated using the ERTT. To evaluate the psychometric properties of this test, neuropsychological assessment tools were used to evaluate cognitive function, and one mental theory assessment test was used to assess the theory of mind. The results show that the internal consistency of the test was 0.95, and the retest reliability was 0.85. The criterion-related validity was 0. 0.47, which revealed that there is a significant correlation between the ERTT and the theory of mind. The ERTT has good reliability and validity and can be used in clinical research groups to increase the clinical utility of the ERTT.
Key words: Emotion recognition, facial emotion, prosodic emotion, reliability, validity

英文參考文獻
Adolphs, R. (2002a). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 12(2), 169-177.
Adolphs, R. (2002b). Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, 1(1), 21-62. doi:10.1177/1534582302001001003
Ahmann, J. S., & Glock, M. D. (1981). Evaluating student progress: Principles of tests and measurements: Allyn & Bacon.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
Benton, A., & Hamsher, K. (1978). Multilingual aphasia examination manual. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
Biehl, M., Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kudoh, T., & Ton, V. (1997). Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE): Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal behavior, 21(1), 3-21.
Blair, R. J. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Conscious Cogn, 14(4), 698-718. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004
Borhani, K., & Nejati, V. (2018). Emotional face recognition in individuals withattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review article. Dev Neuropsychol, 43(3), 256-277. doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1440295
Bowers, D., Blonder, L., & Heilman, K. (1998). Florida affect battery: Center for Neuropsychological Studies, Department of Neurology.
Bowers, D., Coslett, H. B., Bauer, R. M., Speedie, L. J., & Heilman, K. M. (1987). Comprehension of emotional prosody following unilateral hemispheric lesions: Processing defect versus distraction defect. Neuropsychologia, 25(2), 317-328.
Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., . . . Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17(5), 875-887.
Brothers, L., & Ring, B. (1992). A neuroethological framework for the representation of minds. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(2), 107-118.
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N., & Young, A. W. (2000). Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nature neuroscience, 3(11), 1077.
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manly, T., Sprengelmeyer, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Young, A. W. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span. Neuropsychologia, 41(2), 195-202.
Campbell, N. (2000). Databases of emotional speech. Paper presented at the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop (ITRW) on Speech and Emotion.
Chiou, B.-C., & Chen, C.-P. (2014). 台灣情緒語料庫建置與辨識 (An Emotional Speech Database in Taiwan: Collection and Recognition)[In Chinese]. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2014).
Cooper, R. P., & Aslin, R. N. (1990). Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth. Child Dev, 61(5), 1584-1595.
D’Elia, L., Satz, P., Uchiyama, C., & White, T. (1996). Color Trails Test professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources: Inc.
Dalgleish, T. (2004). The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(7), 583.
Dodich, A., Cerami, C., Canessa, N., Crespi, C., Marcone, A., Arpone, M., . . . Cappa, S. F. (2014). Emotion recognition from facial expressions: a normative study of the Ekman 60-Faces Test in the Italian population. Neurol Sci, 35(7), 1015-1021. doi:10.1007/s10072-014-1631-x
Ebel, R. L. (1972). Essentials of educational measurement.
Edwards, J., Jackson, H. J., & Pattison, P. E. (2002). Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: a methodological review. Clinical psychology review, 22(6), 789-832.
Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. Paper presented at the Nebraska symposium on motivation.
Ekman, P. (2002). MicroExpression Training Tool (METT). University of California, San Francisco.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial Signs of Emotional Experience. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(6), 1125-1134. doi:DOI 10.1037/h0077722
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O'sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K., . . . Ricci-Bitti, P. E. (1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(4), 712.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res, 12(3), 189-198.
Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surguladze, S., . . . Barale, F. (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience.
Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test: cat. no. 30150M; a manual for clinical and experimental uses: Stoelting.
Gregory, R. J. (2004). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications: Allyn & Bacon.
Gronwall, D. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills, 44(2), 367-373.
Hall, J. A., & Bernieri, F. J. (2001). Nonverbal receptivity: The diagnostic analysis of nonverbal accuracy (DANVA) Interpersonal Sensitivity (pp. 199-216): Psychology Press.
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological psychiatry, 51(1), 59-67.
Heberlein, A. S., Padon, A. A., Gillihan, S. J., Farah, M. J., & Fellows, L. K. (2008). Ventromedial Frontal Lobe Plays a Critical Role in Facial Emotion Recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(4), 721-733. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20049
Henry, J. D., Ruffman, T., McDonald, S., O’leary, M.-a. P., Phillips, L. H., Brodaty, H., & Rendell, P. G. (2008). Recognition of disgust is selectively preserved in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 46(5), 1363-1370.
Hua, M.-S., Chang, S.-H., & Chen, S.-T. (1997). Factor structure and age effects with an aphasia test battery in normal Taiwanese adults. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 156.
JAMES, W. (1884). II.—WHAT IS AN EMOTION ? Mind, os-IX(34), 188-205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188
Kaplan, P. S., Jung, P. C., Ryther, J. S., & Zarlengo-Strouse, P. (1996). Infant-directed versus adult-directed speech as signals for faces. Developmental psychology, 32(5), 880.
Kuchuk, A., Vibbert, M., & Bornstein, M. H. (1986). The perception of smiling and its experiential correlates in three-month-old infants. Child Dev, 1054-1061.
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci, 23, 155-184. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155
Lenti, C., Lenti-Boero, D., & Giacobbe, A. (1999). Decoding of emotional expressions in children and adolescents. Percept Mot Skills, 89(3 Pt 1), 808-814. doi:10.2466/pms.1999.89.3.808
Leppänen, J. M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2001). Emotion recognition and social adjustment in school–aged girls and boys. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 42(5), 429-435.
Malatesta, C. Z., Izard, C. E., Culver, C., & Nicolich, M. (1987). Emotion communication skills in young, middle-aged, and older women. Psychol Aging, 2(2), 193.
Martino, D. J., Strejilevich, S. A., Fassi, G., Marengo, E., & Igoa, A. (2011). Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in euthymic bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Psychiatry Res, 189(3), 379-384. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.033
Massaro, D. W., & Egan, P. B. (1996). Perceiving affect from the voice and the face. Psychon Bull Rev, 3(2), 215-221. doi:10.3758/bf03212421
McDonald, S., Togher, L., Tate, R., Randall, R., English, T., & Gowland, A. (2013). A randomised controlled trial evaluating a brief intervention for deficits in recognising emotional prosody following severe ABI. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 23(2), 267-286.
McKinnon, M. C., Cusi, A. M., & MacQueen, G. M. (2010). Impaired theory of mind performance in patients with recurrent bipolar disorder: Moderating effect of cognitive load. Psychiatry Research, 177(1-2), 261-262. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.02.004
Mier, D., Lis, S., Neuthe, K., Sauer, C., Esslinger, C., Gallhofer, B., & Kirsch, P. (2010). The involvement of emotion recognition in affective theory of mind. Psychophysiology, 47(6), 1028-1039.
Mitchell, R. L. C., & Phillips, L. H. (2015). The overlapping relationship between emotion perception and theory of mind. Neuropsychologia, 70, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.018
Mumme, D. L., Fernald, A., & Herrera, C. (1996). Infants' responses to facial and vocal emotional signals in a social referencing paradigm. Child Dev, 67(6), 3219-3237.
Odom, R. D., & Lemond, C. M. (1972). Developmental differences in the perception and production of facial expressions. Child Dev, 359-369.
Panksepp, J. (2007). Criteria for basic emotions: Is DISGUST a primary “emotion”? Cognition and Emotion, 21(8), 1819-1828. doi:10.1080/02699930701334302
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16(2), 331-348. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087
Phillips, A. T., Wellman, H. M., & Spelke, E. S. (2002). Infants' ability to connect gaze and emotional expression to intentional action. Cognition, 85(1), 53-78.
Phillips, L. H., Channon, S., Tunstall, M., Hedenstrom, A., & Lyons, K. (2008). The role of working memory in decoding emotions. Emotion, 8(2), 184-191. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.184
Phillips, M. L. (2003). Understanding the neurobiology of emotion perception: implications for psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(3), 190-192.
Phillips, M. L., Senior, C., Fahy, T., & David, A. S. (2018). Disgust – the forgotten emotion of psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172(5), 373-375. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.5.373
Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Williamson, A., . . . Acker, J. D. (2005). Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cerebral Cortex, 15(11), 1676-1689.
Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Davatzikos, C. (2003). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain. J Neurosci, 23(8), 3295-3301.
Ross, E. D. (1981). The aprosodias: Functional-anatomic organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere. Archives of Neurology, 38(9), 561-569.
Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 863-881. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001
Scherer, K. R., Johnstone, T., & Klasmeyer, G. (2003). Vocal expression of emotion. Handbook of affective sciences, 433-456.
Schirmer, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2006). Beyond the right hemisphere: brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(1), 24-30.
Sedda, A., Petito, S., Guarino, M., & Stracciari, A. (2017). Identification and intensity of disgust: distinguishing visual, linguistic and facial expressions processing in Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.003
Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence: Cengage Learning.
Soto, J. A., & Levenson, R. W. (2009). Emotion Recognition across Cultures: The Influence of Ethnicity on Empathic Accuracy and Physiological Linkage. Emotion, 9(6), 874-884. doi:10.1037/a0017399
Streit, M., Ioannides, A., Liu, L., Wölwer, W., Dammers, J., Gross, J., . . . Müller-Gärtner, H.-W. (1999). Neurophysiological correlates of the recognition of facial expressions of emotion as revealed by magnetoencephalography. Cognitive Brain Research, 7(4), 481-491.
Sullivan, S., Ruffman, T., & Hutton, S. B. (2007). Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 62(1), P53-60.
Trager, G. L. (1958). Paralanguage: A first approximation. Studies in linguistics, 13, 1-11.
Wechsler, D. (1997). WMS-III: Wechsler memory scale administration and scoring manual: Psychological Corporation.
Yip, P. K., Shyu, Y. I., Liu, S. I., Lee, J. Y., Chou, C. F., & Chen, R. C. . (1992). An epidemiological survey of dementia among elderly in an urban district of Taipei. Acta Neurologica Sinica, 1(4), 347-354.
Young, A., Perrett, D. I., Calder, A., Sprengelmeyer, R. H., & Ekman, P. (2002). Facial expressions of emotion: Stimuli and Test (FEEST).

 
中文參考文獻
花茂棽, 張本聖, 林克能, 楊建銘, 盧小蓉, & 陳心怡. (2005). 魏氏記憶量表第三版 (WMSIII) 中文版. 台北: 中國行為科學社股份有限公司.
柳孟瑩. (2013). 台灣正常人修訂版時限聽覺序列加法測驗之常模研究. 臺灣大學. Available from Airiti AiritiLibrary database. (2013年)
高至潔. (2009). 台灣正常中老年人尼爾森修訂版卡片分類測驗之常模研究. 臺灣大學心理學研究所學位論文, 1-72.
郭曉燕. (2009). 臺灣正常中老年人彩色路徑描繪測驗之常模研究. 臺灣大學. Available from Airiti AiritiLibrary database. (2009年)
陳勁秀. (2010). 台灣正常中老年人 語意流暢度測驗之北部地區常模研究. 臺灣大學. Available from Airiti AiritiLibrary database. (2010年)
陳建中, 卓淑玲, & 曾榮瑜. (2013). 台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫─專業表演者臉部表情常模資料. [Taiwan Corpora of Chinese Emotions and Relevant Psychophysiological Data-Behavioral Evaluation Norm for Facial Expressions of Professional Performer]. 中華心理學刊, 55(4), 439-454. doi:10.6129/cjp.20130314
曾懷萱, 陳淑惠, & 黃玉蓮. (2012). Dissimilar Deficits of Facial and Prosodic Emotion Recognition in Patients with Schizophrenia in Taiwan. [台灣精神分裂症病人於臉部及音韻情緒辨識能力缺損之異同]. 臺灣精神醫學, 26(2), 105-113+104.
游恆山. (2002). 情緒心理學─ 情緒理論的透視. The Psychology of emotion. Strongman, KT.
黃世琤, 李明純, 李麗雯, 詹雅婷, & 蔡鑫廷. (2014). 台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫－基本情緒聲調. [Taiwan Corpora of Chinese Emotions and Relevant Psychophysiological Data-Prosody for Basic Emotions]. 中華心理學刊, 56(4), 437-452. doi:10.6129/cjp.20140814
劉又綺, 葉在庭, & 蔡明成. (2012). 中文版佛羅里達情緒測驗的效度研究及其在前額葉腦傷患者的表現探討. [The Validity of the Florida Affect Battery Test and Performance in Patients with Prefrontal Cortex Damage]. 中華心理衛生學刊, 25(2), 299-334.
樊皖君. (2013). 台灣正常人史楚普字色測驗之常模研究. 臺灣大學. Available from Airiti AiritiLibrary database. (2013年)
鄭昭明, 陳英孜, 卓淑玲, & 陳學志. (2013). 華人情緒類別的結構分析. 中華心理學刊, 55(4), 417-438.
謝伯讓. (2016). 大腦簡史: 生物經過四十億年的演化, 大腦是否已經超脫自私基因的掌控? (Vol. 251): 貓頭鷹.
鍾素英, 花茂棽, 薛惠琪, 張鈺姍, 邱嘉凡, & 陳明招. (2007). 正常不識字老人與早期阿茲海默型失智症老人在語意流暢度測驗表現的比較研究. 中華心理學刊, 49(1), 73-86.