科技進步帶動了人類的文明，使現代生活中隨時可以感受到科技應用所帶來的影響與便利，以數位內容形式存在的圖像、字元、影像、語音等資料更是取代了以往的類比訊號儲存之產品。但也由於軟硬體的快速發展，人們可以很容易的拷貝、複製自己或他人的產品，再加上網路通訊的便利，分享或散佈數位內容更是輕而易舉，處處可見。於是如何有效保護自己的創作品或申張著作權是目前的當務之急。浮水印的技術即是在此需求下所發展的，利用隱藏有著作財產權的文字、商標、圖片在所屬的創作品內，如照片、音樂或是影片等，以判斷其所有權。於是如何發展一個有效且強建的浮水印系統是本研究的重點。本論文發展一個可應用於數位內容的浮水印平台，其中包含影像、音訊與視訊的浮水印系統。因為離散餘弦轉換是目前廣為應用在影像、音樂與視訊處理與壓縮的轉換基礎，再加上其有能量區分與集中的特性，所以此平台以離散餘弦轉換為基礎，以其有更好的相容性且可快速的應用到其它的處理。在影像浮水印系統中，浮水印的加入與取出結合了離散餘弦轉換、中頻係數選取與量化表的設計，使該系統對資料遺失、影像壓縮與雜訊處理都有很好的強健性。此外，該影像浮水印系統更利用快速離散餘弦轉換，在數位訊號處理器上可以即時完成，將來更可以應用到通訊導航系統等。在音訊浮水印系統中，以能量平均的觀點，加上離散餘弦轉換的特性，使得系統有很高的效能。此外該架構亦整合了兩種錯誤更正碼以提高系統的容錯性。在視訊浮水印系統的建立上，因視訊大部份以壓縮的形式存在，所以一個結合壓縮標準的浮水印系統是有其必要性。因此浮水印的加入與解碼結合了目前最新發展的視訊壓縮標準H.264/AVC為基礎，並利用其類似離散餘弦轉換特性的整數轉換來提供一個完整的視訊處理系統。這個整合影像、音訊與視訊的浮水印平台，可以在個人電腦中完整的實現，使其在著作財產權的保護、資料的驗證、流程的控制與廣播的監控上有很好的應用。

　Due to the rapid development of digital content in image, audio, or video data, digital information has had tremendous impact. New devices and powerful software have made it possible to create, manipulate, share and enjoy multimedia data. Internet and wireless networks offer channels to deliver and exchange multimedia information from distant learning to entertainment. Digital watermark has thus been proposed to secure transmission fidelity. The watermark embedded to signal in the form of a logo, mark, or picture provides sufficient evidence of any illegal invasion. In this dissertation, a watermarking platform based on discrete cosine transform for digital image, audio and video is presented. An effective and efficient digital image watermarking system is developed by integrating the discrete cosine transform, the selection of middle-frequency ranges, and the adjustment of quantization table. Experiments show that the image watermarking system can be completed within 1 second by using digital signal processor and the quality of image remains pristine. An efficient and robust audio watermarking system is also presented to resist MPEG compression and other manipulations. By using the energy averaging concept of the frequency coefficients, the watermark can be embedded and decoded effectively and efficiently. In order to increase the recovery capability of watermark, the system also integrates the error correcting codes of cyclic codes and repeating codes. Implementations show that the watermarked signal remains having high quality and the decoded watermark has no error. Verifications also illustrate that the system is robust against common audio manipulation. A video watermarking system is developed based on the latest compressed domain H.264/AVC such that the advantage of discrete cosine transform can be utilized. The video coding system consists of the watermark embedding/decoding algorithm and the H.264/AVC standard to protect and compress a video sequence. The video coding system provides excellent quality comparing to the original H.264 standard. Verifications show that the video coding system can be implemented effectively and efficiently. The platform is implemented on PC system ready for ownership protection, content authentication, copy/access control or broadcast monitoring.

Akio, M. and Akihiro, O., “Analysis of Watermarking Systems in the Frequency Domain and Its Application to Design of Robust Watermarking Systems,” 2001 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 1969 -1972, 2001.
Alattar, A. M., Lin, E. T., and Celik, M. U., “Digital Watermarking of Low Bit-rate Advanced Simple Profile MPEG-4 Compressed Video,” Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp.787-800, 2003.
Arttameeyanant, P., Kumhom, P., and Chamnongthai, K., “Audio Watermarking for Internet,” IEEE International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, pp. 237-242, 2001.
Baldo, F., Perez-Gonzalez, F., and Scalise, S., “Turbo Coding for Sample-level Watermarking in the DCT Domain,” 2001 International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 1003 -1006, 2001.
Bao, P., and Ma, X., “Image Adaptive Watermarking Using Wavelet Domain Singular Value Decomposition,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol.15, No.1, pp. 96-102, 2005.
Barni, F., Bartolini, F., Caldelli, R., DeRosa, A., and Piva, A., “A Robust Watermarking Approach for Raw Video,” Proceedings of the 10th International Packet Video Workshop, 2000.
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., De Rosa, A., and Piva, A., “Capacity of Full Frame DCT Image Watermarks,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 1450 -1455, 2000.
Bassia, P., Pitas, I., and Nikolaidis, N., “Robust Audio Watermarking in the Time Domain,” IEEE Transcations on Multimedia, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 232 -241, 2003.
Bender, W., Gruhl, D., Morimoto, N., and Lu, A., “Technique for Data Hiding,” IBM System Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 313 -336, 1996.
Boney, L., Tewfik, A. H. and Hamdy, K. N., “Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp. 473-480, 1996.
Byeong-Seob, K., Nishimura, R. and Suzuki, Y., “Time-spread Echo Method for Digital Audio Watermarking Using PN Sequences,” IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 2001-2004, 2002.
Chang, C. H., Ye, Z., and Zhang, M., “Fuzzy-ART Based Adaptive Digital Watermarking System,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol.15, No.1, pp. 65-81, 2005.
Cheng, Q., and Huang, T. S., “A DCT-domain Blind Watermarking System Using Optimum Detection on Laplacian Model,” 2000 International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 454 -457, 2000.
Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, T., and Shamoon, T., “Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 1673 -1687, 1997.
Dai, Y., Zhang, L. and Yang, Y., “A New Method of MPEG Video Watermarking Technology,” ICCC International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings, Vol. 2, pp.1845-1847, 2003.
Dittmann, J., Stabenau, M., and Steinmetz, R., “Robust MPEG Video Watermarking Technologies,” Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pp. 71-80, 1998.
Foo, S. W., Yeo, T. H., and Huang, D. Y., “An Adaptive Audio Watermarking System,” Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 509-513, 2001.
Fulin, S., Guoqiang, M., and Hongtao, G., “Robust Image Watermarking Research Based on DCT Transform,” 2001 International Conferences on Info-tech and Info-net, Vol. 5. pp. 83 -88, 2001.
George, M., Chouinard, J. V., and Georganas, N., “Digital Watermarking of Images and Video Using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Techniques,” IEEE Canadia Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 116-121, 1999.
Hernandez, J. R., Amado, M., and Perez-Gonzalez, F., “DCT-domain Watermarking Techniques for Still Images,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 55 -68, 2000.
Hsieh, C. T., and Sou, P. Y., “Blind Cepstrum Domain Audio Watermarking Based on Time Energy Features,” 14th IEEE International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 705-708, 2002.
Hsu, C. T., and Wu, J. L., “Hidden Digital Watermarks in Images,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 58 -68, 1999.
Huang; J., and Shi, Y. Q., “Embedding Strategy for Image Watermarking in DCT Domain,” Fourth Optoelectronics and Communications Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 981 -984, 1999.
Huang, J., Wang, Y., and Shi, Y. Q., “A Blind Audio Watermarking Algorithm with Self-synchronization,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 627-630, 2002.
Ikeda, M., Takeda, K., and Itakura, F. “Audio Data Hiding by Use of Band-limited Random Sequences,” ISASSP, Vol. 4, pp. 2315-2318, 1999.
Jong, W. S. and Jin, W. H., “Audio Watermarking for Copyright Protection of Digital Audio Data,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 60-61, 2001.
Kalker, T., and Haitsma, J., “Efficient Detection of A Spatial Spread-Spectrum Watermark in MPEG Video Streams,” International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 434-437, 2000.
Kii, H., Onishi, J., and Ozawa, S., “The Digital Watermarking Method by Using Both Patchwork and DCT,” IEEE Multimedia Computing and System, Vol. 1, pp. 895 -899, 1999.
Kim, S. W., Suthaharan, S., Lee, H. K. and Rao, K., “Perceptually Turned Robust Watermarking Scheme for Digital Video Using Motion Entropy Masking,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, pp. 266-239, 1999.
Langelaar, G. C., and Lagendijk, R. L., “Optimal Differential Energy Watermarking of DCT Encoded Images and Video,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 148 -158, 2001.
Lee, S. K., and Ho, Y. S., “Digital Audio Watermarking in the Cepstrum Domain,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 744-750, 2000.
Li, W., Li, X., and Lu, P., “A Novel Feature-based Robust Audio Watermarking for Copyright Protection,” IEEE International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, pp. 554-558, 2003.
Liao, H. Y., Lu, C. S., Huang, S. K., and Sze, C. J., “Cocktail Watermarking for Digital Image Protection,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 209-224, 2005.
Lie, W. N., Lin, G. S., Wu, C. L., and Wang, T. C., “Robust Image Watermarking on the DCT Domain,” The 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 1, pp. 228 -231, 2000.
Lie, W. N., and Chang, L. C., “Robust and High-quality Time-domain Audio Watermarking Subject to Psychoacoustic Masking,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 45-48, 2001.
Liu, K. C., and Yang, S. M., “Digital Image Encryption by Using Discrete Cosine Transform,” CSCA/AASRC/CIROC Joint Conferences Taiwan, 2002.
Lin, S. D., and Chen, C. F., “A Robust DCT-based Watermarking for Copyright Protection,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 415 -421, 2000.
Lu, C. S., Chen, J. R., Liao, H. Y. M., and Fan, K. C., “Real-time MPEG2 Video Watermarking in the VLC Domain,” 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, pp. 552-555, 2002.
Mansour, M. F. and Tewfik, A. H., “Audio Watermarking by Time-scale Modification,” IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 1353-1356, 2001.
McGovern, F. A., Woods, R. F., and Yan, M., “Novel VLSI Implementation of (8 x 8) Point 2-D DCT,” 14th Electronics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 8, 1994.
Meng, J. and Chang, S. F., “Embedding Visible Video Watermarks in the Compressed Domain,” International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 474-477, 1998.
Niu, X. M., Lu, Z. M. and Sun, S. H., “Digital Watermarking of Still Images with Gray-Level Digital Watermarks,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 137-145, 2000.
Ostermann, J., Bormans, J., List, P., Marpe, D., Narroschke, M., Pereira, F., Stockhammer, T., and Wedi, T., “Video Coding with H.264/AVC:Tools, Performance, and Complexity,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 7-28, 2004.
Park, J. Y., Lim, J. H., Kim, G. S., and Won, C. S., “Invertible Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithm Distinguishing MPEG-2 Compression From Malicious Manipulation,” International Conference on Consumer Electronics, pp. 18-19, 2002.
Ralf, S., Thmoas, W., and Heiko, S., “The Emerging H.264/AVC Standard,” EBU Technical Review, 2003.
Richardson, I. E. G., “H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 Tutorial,” http://www.vcodex.com/h264.html, 2003.
Serdean, C. V., Ambroze, M. A., Tomlinson, M., and Wade, J. G., “DWT-based High-Capacity Blind Video watermarking, Invariant to Geometrical Attacks,” Vision, Image and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings-, Vol. 150, No. 1, pp. 51-58, 2003.
Seungwon, S., Oanjin, K., Jongweon, K. and Jonguk, C., “A Robust Audio Watermarking Algorithm Using Pitch Scaling,” 14th IEEE International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 701-704, 2002.
SPRU188, “C Source Debugger User’s Guide,” Texas Instruments.
SPRU189E, “TMS320C6000 CPU and Instruction Set Reference Guide,” Texas Instruments.
SPRU190C, “TMS320C6000 Peripherals Reference Guide,” Texas Instruments.
SPRU269D, “TMS320C6201/C6701 Evaluation Module User’s Guide,” Texas Instruments.
Tamhankar, A., and Rao, K. R., “ An Overview of H.264/ MPEG-4 Part 10,” 4th EURASIP Conference focused on Video/Image Processing and Multimedia Communication, 2003.
Tsai, C. S., Chang, C. C., Chen T. S., and Chen, M. H., “Embedding Robust Gray-Level Watermarks in an Image Using Discrete Cosine Transformation,” Distributed Multimedia Database Techniques and Applications, 2000.
Wang, Q., and Sun, S., “DCT-based Image-independent Digital Watermarking,” 5th International Conference on Signal Processing Proceedings, Vol. 2, pp. 942 -945, 2000.
Wiegand, T., Sullivan, G. J., Bjntegaard, G., and Luthra, A., “Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 560 – 576, 2003.
Yeo, I. K., and Kim, H. J., “Modified Patchwork Algorithm: A Novel Audio Watermarking Scheme,” IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 381-386, 2003.
Yoshiura, H. Echizen, I. Anzai, K., Taguchi, J., and Nakano, K., “Improved Video Watermarking for MPEG Encoders Using Motion Analysis,” International Conference on Consumer Electronics, pp. 14-15, 2002.
Zhihui, W., and Liang, X., “An Evaluation Method for Watermarking Techniques,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol. 1, pp. 373 -376, 2000.