中文摘要………………………………………………………………………I 英文摘要……………………………………………………………………II 誌謝…………………………………………………………………………III 目錄…………………………………………………………………………V 表目錄……………………………………………………………………X 圖目錄………………………………………………………………………XI 第一章 前言…………………………………………………………………1 1-1簡介………………………………………………………………………1 1-2研究動機與目的…………………………………………………………3 第二章 理論基礎及文獻回顧………………………………………………4 2-1雷射簡介…………………………………………………………………4 2-1-1 雷射特性……………………………………………………………4 2-1-2 二氧化碳雷射………………………………………………………5 2-1-3 雷射的優點…………………………………………………………5 2-2 雷射表面改質……………………………………………………………6 2-2-1雷射表面改質簡介…………………………………………………6 2-2-1-1雷射披覆………………………………………………………7 2-2-1-2雷射合金化……………………………………………………9 2-2-2雷射表面改質之發展沿革…………………………………………9 2-3合金層可能發生之磨耗型態……………………………………………13 2-3-1磨料磨耗……………………………………………………………16 2-3-1-1磨料磨耗機構………………………………………………16 2-3-1-2磨料磨耗種類………………………………………………17 2-3-2黏附磨耗……………………………………………………………22 2-4合金層對磨耗行為的影響………………………………………………24 2-4-1微觀組織……………………………………………………………25 2-4-2熔填金屬的硬度……………………………………………………26 2-4-3稀釋率………………………………………………………………27 2-5硬面合金之種類…………………………………………………………28 第三章、實驗方法與步驟……………………………………………………34 3-1實驗流程…………………………………………………………………34 3-2實驗材料…………………………………………………………………34 3-2-1基材…………………………………………………………………34 3-2-2合金粉末……………………………………………………………35 3-3實驗設備…………………………………………………………………35 3-3-1 CO2雷射……………………………………………………………35 3-4 材料試驗分析…………………………………………………………37 3-4-1顯微組織觀察………………………………………………………37 3-4-2硬度量測……………………………………………………………39 3-4-3 磨耗試驗分析……………………………………………………39 3-5 T6處理…………………………………………………………………40 第四章 研究結果與討論……………………………………………………42 4-1 鎳基合金層顯微組織觀察……………………………………………42 4-1-1 雷射合金化後之表面型態………………………………………42 4-2合金層顯微組織觀察……………………………………………………46 4-2-1鎳基自熔合金顯微組織觀察…………………………………46 4-2-2純鎳雷射合金化顯微組織……………………………………51 4-2-3 鈷基合金層顯微組織觀察……………………………………55 4-3熱處理對合金層性質之影響……………………………………………62 4-3-1 鎳基顯微組織觀察………………………………………………62 4-3-2 鈷基顯微組織觀察………………………………………………64 4-4硬度分析…………………………………………………………………64 4-4-1 鎳基合金層硬度分析……………………………………………64 4-4-1-1 熱處理效應對鎳基合金層硬度的影響……………………68 4-4-2 鈷基合金層硬度分析……………………………………………70 4-4-2-1 熱處理效應對鈷基合金層硬度的影響……………………71 4-5 磨耗特性分析…………………………………………………………71 4-5-1常溫磨耗……………………………………………………………72 4-5-1-1重量損失率率和正向力之關係……………………………72 4-5-1-2 鋁合金常溫磨耗行為………………………………………72 4-5-1-2-1 SKD61對手材磨耗觀察………………………………75 4-5-1-2-2 磨屑型態觀察…………………………………………78 4-5-1-3鎳基自熔合金常溫磨耗行為………………………………80 4-5-1-3-1 磨屑型態觀察………………………………………89 4-5-1-1-4鈷基自熔合金常溫磨耗行為………………………………91 4-5-2溫度與磨耗之關係…………………………………………………97 4-5-2-1重量損失率率比較…………………………………………97 4-5-2-2磨耗表面觀察………………………………………………101 4-5-2-3磨屑觀察……………………………………………………112 4-5-3 磨耗距離與重量損失率之關係…………………………………114 4-5-3-1重量損失率之比較…………………………………………114 4-5-3-2磨耗表面觀察………………………………………………114 4-5-4 荷重與重量損失率之關係………………………………………116 4-5-4-1荷重與重量損失率之比較…………………………………116 4-5-4-2磨耗表面觀察………………………………………………119 第五章結論…………………………………………………………………121 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………123 表 目 錄 Table 2-1 The capability of different laser∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙7 Table 3-1 The chemical compositions of Al-Mg-Si alloys∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙34 Table 3-2 The chemical compositions of LSA powder∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙35 Table 3-3 The parameters of laser surface alloying∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙37 Table 3-4 The chemical compositions of SKD61 material∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙40 Table 4-1 The chemical compositions of the LSA Ni base specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙47 Table 4-2 The chemical compositions of the precipitated particles in LSA Co sample∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙62 Table 4-3 Hardness of the Al-matrix, LSA Ni base specimen and T6 condition∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙70 Table 4-4 Hardness of the LSA Co base specimen and T6 condition∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙71 Table 4-5 The chemical compositions of the marked particle∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙110 圖 目 錄 Figure 2-1 Typical application parameters∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙8 Figure 2-2 Schematic diagrams of laser surface treatment∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙10 Figure 2-3 The grain size of matrix and Laser melted specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙12 Figure 2-4 Microhardness measurements as a function of pure nickel coating before and after laser alloying process∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙12 Figure 2-5 The wear curves of the lost volume under a load of 90N∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙14 Figure 2-6 Anodic polarization curves in 10% H2SO4 Solution∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙14 Figure 2-7 Anodic polarization curves in 10% HNO3 Solution∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙15 Figure 2-8 The three based mode of abrasive∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙18 Figure 2-9 Schematic diagrams of low stress abrasive wear∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙18 Figure 2-10 Schematic diagrams of high stress abrasive wear∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙20 Figure 2-11 Schematic diagrams of gouging abrasion∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙20 Figure 2-12 Schematic diagrams of two/three body abrasive wear∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙23 Figure 2-13 Schematic diagrams of adhesive wear∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙23 Figure 3-1 The experiment processes∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙36 Figure 3-2 Set-up of a high power CO2 laser system∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙38 Figure 3-3 Schematic of powder feed system∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙38 Figure 3-4 A schematic representation of ring-on- disc type of wear equipment∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙41 Figure 4-1 The surface condition after LSA∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙43 Figure 4-2. The cross-section of (a) the LSA Ni base sample and (b) schema of (a) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙45 Figure 4-3 SEM photos of the LSA Ni base sample (a) region I； (b) region II∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙46 Figure 4-4 Compositions distribution with distance from region I to III in LSA Ni base sample∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙48 Figure 4-5 TEM photographs of the region III in LSA Ni base sample (a) the bright-field photograph; (b) the selected area diffraction of (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙50 Figure 4-6 SEM photograph of the interface region∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙52 Figure 4-7 TEM of the interface region (a) the bright-field photograph of AlNi; (b) the dark-field photograph of AlNi; (c) the selected area diffraction of (b)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙53 Figure 4-8 TEM of the interface region (a) the bright-field photograph of Al8Cr5; (b) the selected area diffraction of (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙54 Figure 4-9 Photographs of the LSA pure Ni specimen（a）the transverse cross-section（b）Al3Ni compounds∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙56 Figure 4-10 TEM of LSA pure Ni specimen (a) the bright-field photograph (b) the selected area diffraction of (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙57 Figure 4-11 Photograph of the transverse cross-section of the LSA Co base specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙58 Figure 4-12 SEM micrograph of the LSA Co base specimen in the region IV∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙60 Figure 4-13 SEM observations in the region V of the LSA Co base specimen (a) block-like structures (b) flake-like particles∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙61 Figure 4-14The distribution of chemical compositions from surface to bottom of the pool in LSA Co base specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙63 Figure 4-15 SEM micrographs of region I in the LSA Ni base specimen with T6 treatment∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙65 Figure 4-16 SEM micrographs of the region II in LSA Ni base specimen with T6 treatment∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙66 Figure 4-17 TEM observation in the region III of the LSA specimen with T6 treatment (a) bright-field image; (b) the selected area diffraction of black- arrowhead of (a)；(c) the selected area diffraction of white-arrowhead of (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙67 Figure 4-18 SEM micrographs of the LSA Co base specimen with T6 treatment(a) region IV；(b) region V∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙69 Figure 4-19 The curves of wear rate versus load for the specimens of Al-matrix , LSA Ni base and LSA Co base∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙73 Figure 4-20 The curves of friction coefficient versus load for the Al-matrix, LSA Ni base and LSA Co base∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙73 Figure 4-21 The curves of wear rate versus load for the specimens of Al-matrix and T6 treated specimens∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙76 Figure 4-22 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of Al-matrix with sliding wear at (a) 15N; (b) 20N; (c) 25N∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙77 Figure 4-23 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of SKD 61 specimens with sliding wear at (a) 15N; (b)30N∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙79 Figure 4-24 Morphologies of wear debris of Al matrix for (a) 15N; (b) 20N; (c) 25N∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙81 Figure 4-25 The curves of wear rate versus load for the specimens of LSA Ni base and T6 treated specimens∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙82 Figure 4-26 The worn surfaces of LSA Ni base specimens with sliding wear at 25N in (a)；（b）ploughing strips caused by particles；(c) the cross-section of worn surface∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙84 Figure 4-27 The worn surfaces of LSA Ni base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 30 N；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)；(c) the cross-section of worn surface∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙85 Figure 4-28 The worn surfaces of LSA Ni base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 30 N；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙87 Figure 4-29 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of SKD61 with sliding wear (a) at 25 N；（b）at 35 N∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙88 Figure 4-30 Morphologies of wear debris of LSA Ni base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 25 N；（b）at 35 N∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙90 Figure 4-31 The curves of wear rate versus load for the specimens of LSA Co base specimens and T6 treated specimens∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙92 Figure 4-32 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of LSA Co base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 20 N；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙94 Figure 4-33 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of LSA Co base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 25 N；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙95 Figure 4-34 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of LSA Co base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 30 N；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙96 Figure 4-35 The worn surfaces of LSA Co base specimens with sliding wear (a) at 40 N；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙98 Figure 4-36 The curves of wear rate versus temperature for the specimens of Al- matrix, LSA Ni base and LSA Co base at load 20 N and distance 1000 m∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙100 Figure 4-37 DSC analysis (a)Al-matrix；(b)LSA Ni base specimen, （c）LSA Co base specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙102 Figure 4-38 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of Al-matrix with sliding wear (a )at 100℃；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in(a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙103 Figure 4-39 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of Al-matrix with sliding wear (a )at 150℃；（b）high magnification of the marked circle in (a)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙105 Figure 4-40 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of Al-matrix with sliding wear (a )at 200℃；（b）the edge of wear track∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙106 Figure 4-41 The curves of friction coefficient versus temperature for the specimens of Al-matrix, LSA Ni base and LSA Co base at load 20 N and distance 1000 m∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙107 Figure 4-42 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of LSA Ni base specimens with sliding wear at (a) 100°C; (b) 150°C; (c) 200°C∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙108 Figure 4-43 The EDS analysis of the worn surfaces of LSA Ni base specimens at 150℃∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙110 Figure 4-44 SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces of LSA Co base specimens with sliding wear at (a) 100°C; (b) 150°C; (c) 200°C∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙111 Figure 4-45 Morphology of debris of LSA specimens with sliding wear at (a) 100℃; (b) 200℃∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙113 Figure 4-46 The curves of wear rate versus distance for the specimens of Al-matrix, LSA Ni base and LSA Co base at load 20 N and temperature 200℃∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙115 Figure 4-47 Morphology of debris of specimens with sliding wear at 20 N , distance 1000 m and temperature 200℃ (a) Al-matrix；(b) LSA Ni base specimen；(c)LSA Co base specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙117 Figure 4-48The curves of wear rate versus load for the specimens of Al-matrix, LSA Ni base and Co base at distance 1000 m and temperature 200℃∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙119 Figure 4-49 Morphology of debris of specimens with sliding wear at 30 N, distance 1000 m and temperature 200℃(a) Al-matrix; (b) LSA Ni base specimen；(c)LSA Co base specimen∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙120