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研究生：	張健峰 Chang, Chien-Feng
論文名稱：	黑色片岩預應力室內試驗推估方法之研究 Investigating the Laboratory Experiments to Estimate Pre-Stress on Black Schist
指導教授：	李德河 Lee, Der-Her 吳建宏 Wu, Jian-Hong
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2007
畢業學年度：	95
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	127
中文關鍵詞：	變形率變化法、異向性、黑色片岩、音射法
外文關鍵詞：	BlackSchist, Acoustic Emission, Anisotropy, Deformation Rate Analysis
相關次數：	點閱：118 下載：5
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本研究使用黑色片岩進行音射法(Acoustic Emission Method, AE Method)及變形率變化法(Deformation Rate Analysis, DRA)推估現地應力的可行性及其適用性，主要探討當岩心從現地取出後，岩心本身的不連續面傾角、不同應力值與解壓狀態下不同置放時間，對AE法及DRA法推估岩心所受前期應力的影響。

本研究將黑色片岩製作成0°、30°、45°、60°、90°五種不同片理傾角的試體，再分別給予高低兩種不同大小的預應力模擬現地應力的狀態，以及將試體以0天、4天、16天與64天四種二次加載延遲時間( Delay Time)靜置後再利用AE法及DRA法推估預應力。在DRA法方面，本研究分析軸向應變、橫向及傾斜45°方向應變，試驗結果發現：
1.從單軸壓縮試驗的結果，此黑色片岩的異向程度屬於中度異向性。

2.不同的片理傾角對AE法及DRA法推估結果影響不大，試驗結果推估誤差可視為不同試體之間的異質性造成。

3.高預應力會讓AE法推估結果有低估情形發生，而低預應力則是有高估的情形產生。

4.6個應變計推估的結果以軸向應變計效果較佳，側向應變計有應變不明顯無法推估的情形，傾斜45°方向應變計則是受黏貼位置的影響，亦會有應變量不明顯無法推估的情形產生。

5.延遲時間的增加對AE法推估的結果影響不大，試驗誤差不隨延遲時間的增加而有明顯變化的趨勢。

6.在DRA方面，在高預應力下，當延遲時間增加時DRA法推估結果有低估的情形發生，由於受片理面膠結材料在解壓狀態下有鬆弛的情形產生，使得二次加載時膠結材料會產生較大的變形量導致。

關鍵字：黑色片岩、音射法、變形率變化法、異向性

This study investigated the precision and feasibility of using acoustic emission method (AE) and deformation rate analysis (DRA) on black schist to evaluate the pre-stress of a rock sample. This study probed into the influences of rock anisotropy, stress levels, and the delay time on the precision of pre-stress evaluation using AE and DRA .

Rock samples having different dip angles of schistosity, 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° were made, and two levels of pre-stress were conducted by cyclic loadings to simulate different in-situ stress states. Then specimen were reloaded after the delay time of 0 days, 4 days, 16 days, and 64 days. At the same time, AE and DRA methods were applied. In addition, not only axial strain but also the ones of lateral and dip angle of 45° are discussed in DRA.
The test results show that :
1.According the results of axial compression test, the black schist is medium anisotropy.

2.Different angles of schistosity have insignificant influence on the estimating results of AE and DRA. The errors of the results can regard as different heterogeneity on sample cause.

3.In high prestress situation, AE method under estimates the prestress. However, low prestress situation, AE method over-evaluates the prestress .

4.Among the 6 strain gauges, the axial strain has the best testing result, and the lateral strain are too small to estimate the prestress. In addition the strain of dip angle 45° is influenced by the locations. The strain is also too small to estimate the prestress.

5.The delay time doesn’t influence the test result estimated by AE method. The errors of testing results don’t change significantly when the delay time increased.

6.In DRA, under high prestress situation, the results are low-evaluated, when the delay time are increasing, because the schistosity cementing material are relaxed under solving the state of pressing, let schistosity cementing material made bigger displacement at reloaded situation.

Key Words :Black Schist, Acoustic Emission, Deformation Rate Analysis, Anisotropy

中英文摘要....................................................................................................... I
誌謝................................................................................................................ III
目錄.................................................................................................................IV
表目錄...........................................................................................................VII
圖目錄.............................................................................................................IX
第一章 緒論
1-1 研究動機與目的....................................................................................1
1-2 研究內容.................................................................................................2
第二章 音射概論
2-1 音射簡介.................................................................................................4
2-2 音射訊號參數與波形.............................................................................5
2-2-1 音射訊號參數......................................................................................5
2-2-2 音射訊號波形......................................................................................6
2-3 音射儀器參數之設定與建議.................................................................7
2-3-1 擴大器(Amplifier) ..............................................................................7
2-3-2 音射感應器及其黏貼..........................................................................8
2-4 音射訊號特性分析.................................................................................9
2-4-1 時間域分析..........................................................................................9
2-4-2 頻率域分析........................................................................................10
2-5 噪音之濾除...........................................................................................12
2-5-1 背景噪音之濾除................................................................................12
2-5-2 接觸面噪音之濾除............................................................................14
2-5-3 音射訊號擷取時間參數設定............................................................14
2-6 音射檢測法...........................................................................................16
2-6-1 Kaiser Effect .....................................................................................16
2-6-2 Kaiser Effect在岩石材料上之應用.................................................18
第三章 文獻回顧
3-1 岩石之破壞機制與音射特性...............................................................20
3-1-1 岩石單軸壓縮破壞行為....................................................................20
3-1-2 岩石單軸壓縮試驗之音射特性........................................................22
3-1-3 反覆加載相關研究............................................................................27
3-1-4 二次加載延遲時間............................................................................28
3-2 現場現地應力量測方法.......................................................................31
3-2-1 水力破裂法........................................................................................31
3-2-2 套鑽法................................................................................................35
3-3 室內現地應力推估方法.......................................................................38
3-3-1 音射法................................................................................................39
3-3-2 變形率變化法....................................................................................42
3-4 岩石之異向性.......................................................................................45
3-4-1 橫向等向性岩石材料之破壞模式....................................................45
3-4-2 橫向等向性岩石之彈性模數............................................................48
第四章 試驗材料、儀器與流程
4-1 試驗材料...............................................................................................66
4-2 試體製作...............................................................................................67
4-3 試驗儀器...............................................................................................69
4-3-1 MTS材料試驗系統...........................................................................69
4-3-2 音射記錄系統....................................................................................70
4-3-3 應變量測記錄系統............................................................................73
4-3-4 超音波量測系統................................................................................75
4-4 試驗流程...............................................................................................76
4-4-1 決定預應力值....................................................................................77
4-4-2 試體組裝............................................................................................78
第五章 試驗結果
5-1 黑色片岩基本物理及異向性質...........................................................80
5-1-1 基本物理性質....................................................................................80
5-1-2 超音波量測結果................................................................................80
5-1-3 單軸壓縮試驗結果與音射特性........................................................81
5-1-3 異向性性質........................................................................................89
5-2AE法推估結果.......................................................................................91
5-2-1 不同預應力及不同傾角對AE法推估結果的影響..........................91
5-2-2 不同延遲時間對AE法的影響..........................................................95
5-3 DRA法推估結果..................................................................................97
5-3-1 不同預應力及不同傾角對DRA法的影響.......................................97
5-3-2 不同延遲時間對DRA法的影響.....................................................101
第六章 結論與建議
6-1 結論.....................................................................................................108
6-2 建議.....................................................................................................109
參考文獻.................................................................................................... 110
附錄一........................................................................................................ 117
附錄二........................................................................................................ 119
                                    

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